Experiences in Groups

Lily Scherlis at n+1:

Group relations was built for wartime, its experimental protocols germinating amid British imperial and military activity. During World War I, Bion had led tank squadrons, learning how groups behaved when enclosed in machines that might explode at any moment. In World War II, charged with selecting cadets to train as officers, Bion observed how individuals behaved in unstructured groups, inventing the prototype of the small study group. Working at British military psychiatric hospitals, he turned his method of passive observation into a treatment: refusing to actively facilitate his therapy groups, he waited quietly, unperturbed by his squirming patients. When they would complain that they weren’t receiving therapy, he would genially offer a hypothesis about how the group was behaving at that moment.

From his observations, Bion theorized that groups under pressure tend to regress to earlier developmental stages. Just as individuals regress into neurosis or psychosis, regressed groups unconsciously gravitate toward one of three counterproductive psychic states Bion called “basic assumptions.”

more here.

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Tuesday Poem

Eating Alone

I’ve pulled the last of the year’s young onions.
The garden is bare now. The ground is cold, 
brown and old. What is left of the day flames 
in the maples at the corner of my 
eye. I turn, a cardinal vanishes. 
By the cellar door, I wash the onions, 
then drink from the icy metal spigot.

Once, years back, I walked beside my father 
among the windfall pears. I can’t recall 
our words. We may have strolled in silence. But 
I still see him bend that way-left hand braced 
on knee, creaky-to lift and hold to my 
eye a rotten pear. In it, a hornet 
spun crazily, glazed in slow, glistening juice.

It was my father I saw this morning 
waving to me from the trees. I almost 
called to him, until I came close enough 
to see the shovel, leaning where I had 
left it, in the flickering, deep green shade.

White rice steaming, almost done. Sweet green peas 
fried in onions. Shrimp braised in sesame 
oil and garlic. And my own loneliness. 
What more could I, a young man, want.

by Li-Young Lee
from To Read a Poem
Holt Rinehart and Winston, 1992

 

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On The Hidden Significance Of Everyday Items

Jenny Erpenbeck at The Guardian:

Each time I take a long trip, I lose at least one scarf or hat, sometimes even a pair of sunglasses or a watch. I’ve also lost a number of things when moving house: a piece of moulding from an old rustic wardrobe, a few blinds, and once I even lost the typewriter I used to write my first works. Although the hotel rooms I left were small, and the apartments I left were clearly empty, the things were still missing later; somehow, somewhere, they had disappeared in the no man’s land between departure and arrival, it happened so regularly that I began to expect it when packing my suitcase or my boxes, as if it were a sacrifice, a price I had to pay for the change in my circumstances, and in that respect, despite all the randomness, it was still appropriate. However, in the course of my everyday life, the number of things around me never decreased, but rather increased, the piles grew higher, the folders thicker, I could imagine that a fire would break out and I would tuck my diaries, letters, and photo albums under my arm and run out of the house, but fortunately no fire broke out.

more here.

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Monday, October 27, 2025

What Made Blogging Different?

Elizabeth Spiers at Talking Points Memo:

Whether I like it or not, the first line of my obituary will probably be that I was the founding editor of Gawker.com, the flagship site of Gawker Media, a sprawling blog network that was put out of business by Peter Thiel and Hulk Hogan in 2016. Nick Denton and I started Gawker in 2002 and I left in late 2003 to go to New York Magazine, so I missed some of Gawker’s greatest hits and biggest misses, but the early ‘00s were what I now think of as the heyday of blogging. (Talking Points Memo was started in 2000.)

Since then, popular blogs have been commercialized; added comment sections and video; migrated to social media platforms; and been subsumed by large media companies. The growth of social media in particular has wiped out a particular kind of blogging that I sometimes miss: a text-based dialogue between bloggers that required more thought and care than dashing off 180 or 240 characters and calling it a day. In order to participate in the dialogue, you had to invest some effort in what media professionals now call “building an audience” and you couldn’t do that simply by shitposting or responding in facile ways to real arguments.

This was largely a function of technical limitations.

More here.

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The evolutionary benefits of getting drunk

Jonny Thomson at Big Think:

“The classic example of a hijack is masturbation,” Edward Slingerland tells me. We’re talking about all the evolutionary quirks that humans tend to exploit — the cases where we’re “built” for one purpose, but decide to put that structure to other uses. And masturbation is a classic example.

In this week’s Mini Philosophy interview, I spoke with Slingerland about his book Drunk, in which he outlines his “intoxication thesis.” Slingerland argues it’s quite common to think that getting drunk is an evolutionary mistake. Some early Homo sapiens drank too much fermented fruit juice and discovered it was pretty fun. So they told their mates and, altogether, they clinked their frothy ciders and sang bawdy songs about hunting and gathering. But the human brain and body were not built to get drunk. Alcohol is effectively a poison. Our bodies don’t like it — or so the argument goes.

The intoxication thesis says this is all wrong. For Slingerland, drinking alcohol and getting drunk are important to human well-being and complex societies. It might not be what evolution “intended,” but it’s certainly given us a reproductive and interspecies advantage.

So, how is getting drunk different from other “evolutionary mistakes”? And what possible benefits might getting drunk give us? Today, we find out.

More here.

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OpenAI’s Sora Makes Disinformation Extremely Easy and Extremely Real

Tiffany Hsu, Stuart A. Thompson and Steven Lee Myers in the New York Times:

In its first three days, users of a new app from OpenAI deployed artificial intelligence to create strikingly realistic videos of ballot fraud, immigration arrests, protests, crimes and attacks on city streets — none of which took place.

The app, called Sora, requires just a text prompt to create almost any footage a user can dream up. Users can also upload images of themselves, allowing their likeness and voice to become incorporated into imaginary scenes. The app can integrate certain fictional characters, company logos and even deceased celebrities.

Sora — as well as Google’s Veo 3 and other tools like it — could become increasingly fertile breeding grounds for disinformation and abuse, experts said. While worries about A.I.’s ability to enable misleading content and outright fabrications have risen steadily in recent years, Sora’s advances underscore just how much easier such content is to produce, and how much more convincing it is.

More here.

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The Critic’s Power: Impassioned Ferocity

Jed Perl at the NYRB:

Complaints about the state of criticism are a very old story. But nothing I’ve read—from indictments published decades ago by Cyril Connolly, Elizabeth Hardwick, Clement Greenberg, and Gore Vidal to James Wolcott’s evisceration of cultural coverage at The New York Times in a recent issue of Liberties—can top Ian McKellen’s howl for what we’ve lost, telegraphed through every twist and turn of his performance as the curmudgeonly theater critic Jimmy Erskine in The Critic (2023).

Erskine is no saint. He’s a nasty man. His judgments are belligerently hyperbolic. He turns out to be a blackmailer and a murderer. Nevertheless, I can’t help but see a critique of the hopelessly routinized state of criticism today in McKellen’s turn as a cultivated and abrasive Brit doing battle with newspapers that already in the 1930s, when the movie is set, were replacing criticism with something closer to bland reportage. As he plays Erskine—based on James Agate, a major figure in London before World War II—his manic appetite for gossip, skulduggery, sexual games, and downright dishonesty is all part of some essential commitment to the dramatic arts. Exaggeration is his everyday means of communication. That, as Erskine sees it, is part and parcel of the devilish genius of the theater.

more here.

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‘You’re Going to Lose Your Mind’: My Three-Day Retreat in Total Darkness

Chris Colin in The New York Times:

On Day 3, I started seeing Rothkos. Immersed in darkness, I was hallucinating abstract expressionism, smears of pink and blue pulsing through what I knew to be a room in Massachusetts, though it was also a cave and somehow a black hole. A strange inner cinema comes online after enough time in absolute blackness, a kind of backup generator for imagery. I sat. Had sat for hours. It was daytime, or maybe nighttime, one of the big two. Was I unraveling? Raveling? What did I know for sure? I knew to breathe: Om ah hum. If I truly freaked, I could find the door. I didn’t want the door. I wanted to boil existence down, see what remained.

Another hour or four. No light, people, activity, screens. A brain in the dark, and a warping one at that. I watched a wolf’s head drift past. Memories slid in. Autumn afternoon in Virginia, rusty rake tines snagged on a willow root. That Belgian boy from summer camp who knew just one English phrase, “bed of nails.” My daughter home with the flu, head on my chest, lifting it sweetly to barf. The crook of an unusual tree in Mexico 20 years ago. Om ah hum. Enough with the breathing. Tea? No more tea. I opted for a journey to the bathroom, mostly recreational — edge along bed, feel for far wall, left at dresser, don’t knock over soap dispenser. Sitting again, more staring, more blackness.

More here.

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Sunday, October 26, 2025

Relearning Adam Smith’s Lessons on Trade

Beth Baltzan in American Affairs:

Adam Smith is often considered a libertarian icon. For that, we have Milton Friedman to thank, at least in part. Unlike the more balanced take of his Chicago School predecessors, Friedman portrayed Smith as something of a free market extremist. Friedman’s approach sparked a counterattack by scholars determined to reclaim the nuance in Smith’s ideas, and the effort to correct the record continues to this day.

Still, as we approach the 250th anniversary of the publication of Smith’s The Wealth of Nations, there remains one area in which a misunderstanding of his work persists: international trade. Friedman, perhaps the most influential economist of the second half of the twentieth century, included trade in his caricature of Smith.4 But Friedman’s rendition is flawed at its core because it ignores the real basis for Smith’s antipathy to mercantilism. Smith takes issue not with tariffs per se but with tariffs as a tool of monopoly. To Smith, the interests of the monopolist are at odds with those of the general public. He sides with the public.

The Chicago School approach, in both antitrust and trade, focuses almost exclusively on benefits to the consumer. Smith cared about the effects of monopoly rents on prices, but he saw the public as more than merely a mass of consumers longing for cheap stuff. His political economy is broader than that. It’s about power. When monopolists have too much of it, the public suffers. Smith’s free trade is not freedom from tariffs; it’s freedom from monopolists.

Unfortunately, even today, the Friedman-esque focus on the consumer reigns supreme in trade policy. Yet this myopic emphasis on consumers ended up paving the way for the “the spirit of monopoly” to reenter the trading system, even facilitating the rise of a powerful and aggressive neomercantilist state. This was the opposite of what Smith wanted.

More here.

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Intellectual Violence

Andrei Kolesnikov in Public Seminar:

In the age of mature Putinism, violence and control, accompanied by a new morality based on so-called “traditional values,” have become crucial instruments for managing Russian society. The use of the education system and cultural institutions to indoctrinate the population—above all young people—is a form of violence, only intellectual rather than physical.

In some respects, the scale of repression is greater now than in the late Soviet period. The absurdity of the accusations and even the number of convictions on political charges is increasingly reminiscent of the Stalin era. On February 27, 2024, for example, the human rights activist Oleg Orlov was jailed for actions allegedly motivated by “hatred of traditional values.” Ideology is acquiring a practical significance in the implementation of political repression.

The function of ideology and ideological agencies—from the Ministry of Education and communications watchdog Roskomnadzor to the prosecutor general’s office, the Ministry of Justice, the Investigative Committee and the Federal Security Service (FSB)—is to present a single vision of the world and to punish anything that refutes or contradicts it. All of these agencies are becoming mechanisms for controlling ideology and culture.

The first decree that Russian President Vladimir Putin signed after his fifth inauguration in May 2024 was “On the Approval of the Fundamentals of State Policy of the Russian Federation in the Field of Historical Education.” According to the decree, which serves as the foundation of the state ideology and a blueprint for the indoctrination of the population, everything is to be unified within the framework of “historical education”: a consolidated instructional methodology for all education levels starting with kindergarten, and of course a “unified state line of history textbooks.”

More here.

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Buddhism and Deliberative Democracy

William J. Long in The Immanent Frame:

Democracies today face turbulent times. Populism, polarization, and entrenched inequality threaten their foundations, while authoritarianism continues to rise—democracy has declined for 18 consecutive years. In this climate of division, democratic governments increasingly struggle to make decisions that are both legitimate and widely accepted.

In academic circles, many theorists promote deliberation as a remedy. The concept is straightforward: Democratic decisions are made more legitimate, intelligent, and socially stabilizing through the exchange of reasons among those affected. Its proponents argue that public deliberation among citizens is the essence of democratic legitimacy. Ideally, this process aims for consensus oriented toward the shared good.

This model contrasts with the prevailing aggregative model, which sees democracy as a competition among self-interested actors resolved by counting votes. The aggregative model arose in response to twentieth-century mass democracy in an increasingly pluralistic society. It holds that in an age of value pluralism and given the average citizen’s political disinterest, policy ignorance, and susceptibility to elite manipulation or coercion, participation should be limited to occasional voting for one leader or another cast by a subset of the electorate as part of a competitive struggle for power. As Joseph Schumpeter explains, democracy “does not and cannot mean that the people actually rule in any obvious sense of ‘people’ and ‘rule.’ Rather, it means only that people have the opportunity of accepting or refusing the men [sic] who are to rule them.”

Modernity rendered the classical republican model of democracy—with its focus on a search for a common good or general will of the people—less applicable. Instead, theorists shifted emphasis to aggregating individual preferences via interest groups and political parties, with periodic elections determining leadership. Most modern democracies reflect this aggregative or “realist” (power politics) model as their zeitgeist, while deliberative approaches remain largely theoretical or experimental.

Deliberation, by contrast, emphasizes shaping preferences through reasoned dialogue, offering a means to challenge power imbalances and elite control.

More here.

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The Light of “The Brothers Karamazov”

Karl Ove Knausgaard in The New Yorker 100:

Fyodor Dostoyevsky began to write what would become his last novel, “The Brothers Karamazov,” in 1878. It was published in serial installments in the magazine Russkiy Vestnik from January, 1879, to November, 1880. Dostoyevsky had a deadline to meet every month, and his wife, Anna, later complained about the pressure he was always working under. Unlike many other contemporary writers, such as Tolstoy or Turgenev, who were well off, Dostoyevsky lived by his writing and struggled throughout his life to earn enough money. If not for this, Anna wrote, in her memoirs, after his death, “He could have gone carefully through [his works], polishing them, before letting them appear in print; and one can imagine how much they would have gained in beauty. Indeed, until the very end of his life Fyodor Mikhailovich had not written a single novel with which he was satisfied himself; and the cause of this was our debts!”

More here.

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A critical look at the lifespan-extending promise of psilocybin

Peter Attia in PA Newsletter:

“Magic mushrooms”—long used by Indigenous communities in ceremonial contexts and popularized during the psychedelic heyday of the 1960s—are once again entering the mainstream, in large part for the potential clinical applications of their psychoactive component, psilocybin. Though scientific interest has thus far mainly focused on the use of psilocybin for treating psychiatric conditions like anxiety and depression, a recent study made headlines for findings that hinted at a role for psilocybin in aging-related processes. Specifically, authors Kato et. al. present data from human cells and aging mice that suggest psilocybin could potentially act as a lifespan-extending drug.1

Why psilocybin for aging?

The idea that psychedelic mushrooms can extend lifespan may seem like the sci-fi daydream of modern-day hippies, but it’s not without some level of scientific basis. Psilocybin—which is converted to the bioactive molecule psilocin in the body—has shown promising results in treating depression and anxiety through psilocin’s ability to bind to serotonin receptors (especially the 5-HT2A receptor), leading to alterations in mood, perception, and sense of self.2 Depression and anxiety are themselves thought to accelerate a number of aging processes, which has led to the theory that psilocybin might therefore slow aging by reducing psychological stress.

More here.

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Sunday Poem

Snow Falls From Then to Now

Pluvius couldn’t make up his mind between
snow and rain – so he sent small snow, small rain
together. A small quiet joined them, so dog
and I walked with all three, a little wet, a little white,
a little inward. Last night, when I rose to comfort
him from some disturbing doggie dream I could
see whirls of whiteness dancing in the steeetlight
and heard myself think, “Silent snow,
secret snow.”
Early waking let me watch the fall continue through
a blue-gray dawn sky. Morning walk – short, dangerous,
ice beneath the white coverlet. Greystoke didn’t
like it either so was quick, though I had to push
my walker across the tundra to pick up his leavings.

So, this is an ordinary poem about ordinary, But I’ll add a
small quiet blesses us all.

by Nils Peterson
from Task: To be Where I am

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