Will the Humanities Survive Artificial Intelligence?

D. Graham Burnett in The New Yorker:

You can want different things from a university—superlative basketball, an arts center, competent instruction in philosophy or physics, even a cure for cancer. No wonder these institutions struggle to keep everyone happy. And everyone isn’t happy. The Trump Administration has effectively declared open war on higher education, targeting it with deep cuts to federal grant funding. University presidents are alarmed, as are faculty members, and anyone who cares about the university’s broader role.

Because I’m a historian of science and technology, part of my terrain is the evolving role of the university—from its medieval, clerical origins to the entrepreneurial R. & D. engines of today. I teach among the humanists, and my courses are anchored in the traditional program of the liberal arts, in the hope of giving shape to humans equal to the challenge of freedom. But my subject is the rise of a techno-scientific understanding of the world, and of ourselves in it. And, if that is what you care about, the White House’s chain-jerk mugging feels, frankly, like a sideshow. The juggernaut actually barrelling down the quad is A.I., coming at us with shocking speed.

More here.

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Monday, April 28, 2025

The Centuries-Long Struggle to Make English Words Behave

Dennis Duncan in the New York Times:

A century ago, one of the richest men in the world decided to wade into the public sphere by throwing his weight behind a series of cuts that would reach into every corner of American life. The president of the day, sensing early support for these reforms and not wishing to be left behind, jumped on board with impulsive zeal, demanding that all federal offices implement the cutbacks with immediate effect.

The year was 1906, the protagonists Andrew Carnegie and Theodore Roosevelt, and the campaign was the movement for simplified spelling, which proposed to trim the fat from the English language by turning words like “through” and “although” into “thru” and “altho.”

The president’s fervor would prove incautious. Stripping the written language of its historical idiosyncrasies is by no means an easy sell. After all, we have a kind of sunk-cost attachment to difficult words since we expended so much effort in learning them as children.

More here.

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Beyond The Last Horizon: More from the AI Futures Project

Scott Alexander at the AI Futures Project:

Welcome to the AI Futures Project blog. We’re the group behind AI 2027, and we plan to use this space to go beyond the scenario – whether that’s speculating on alternate branches, announcing cases where we changed our minds, or discussing our methodology in more detail. Today we want to talk more about time horizons.

We’ve been accused of relying too heavily on extending straight lines on graphs. We’d like to think we’re a little more sophisticated than that, but we can’t deny that a nice straight line is a great place for a forecast to start. And METR’s Measuring AI Ability To Complete Long Tasks has some pretty sweet straight lines:

This graph tracks progress in the length of coding task that an AI can do with > 80% success rate. Task length is determined by the average human – so for example, GPT-4 had 80-20 odds of successfully finishing a task that a human could do in a minute; Claude Sonnet 3.7 has 80-20 odds at a task humans can do in fifteen.

More here.

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Habeas corpus: A thousand-year-old legal principle for defending rights

Andrea Seielstad in The Conversation:

The legal doctrine of “habeas corpus,” a Latin phrase that has its American roots in English law as early as the 12th century, stands as a barrier to unlawful arrest.

In its essence, habeas corpus protects any person, whether citizen or not, from being illegally confinedHabeas corpus is Latin for “you shall have the body” and requires a judge literally to have the body of any incarcerated person brought physically forward so that the legality of their detention may be assessed.

That is why habeas, sometimes also called the “Great Writ,” is front and center right now in many of the lawsuits challenging the Trump administration’s arrest and deportation of noncitizen studentsscholars, humanitarian refugees and others.

More here.

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We Are Apes That Have Invented Ourselves

Kevin Kelly at The Long Now:

What’s distinctive about humans is that homo sapiens domesticated themselves. We are self-domesticated apes. Anthropologist Brian Hare characterizes recent human evolution (Late Pleistocene) as “Survival of the Friendliest”, arguing that in our self-domestication we favored prosociality — the tendency to be friendly, cooperative, and empathetic. We chose the most cooperative, the least aggressive, the less bullying types, and that trust in others resulted in greater prosperity, which in turn spread neoteny genes, and other domestication traits, into our populations.

Domesticated species often show increased playfulness, extended juvenile behavior, and even enhanced social learning abilities. Humans continued to extend their childhood far later than almost any other animal. This extended childhood enabled an extended time to learn beyond inherent instincts, but it also demanded greater parental resources and nuanced social bonds. We are the first animals we domesticated. Not dogs. We first domesticated ourselves, and then we were able to domesticate dogs. Our domestication is not just about neoteny and reduced aggression and increased sociability. We also altered other genes and traits.

more here.

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Style Is Joy: On Iris Apfel

Dorothea Lasky at The Paris Review:

Against the backdrop of a cold white room, Iris Apfel’s yellow outfit, which she wore on the occasion of her hundredth birthday, sings its own joyous song. Both here and elsewhere, Apfel, an artist and fashion designer, often paired gorgeous things sensually by color and texture, rather than by invoking some obvious theory or idea. She was not afraid to wear a yellow tulle coat with yellow silk pants (which she designed herself in collaboration with H&M). She celebrated yellow vivaciously; she took up space with yellow. With her arms raised in this picture, she looks like some sort of bishop or religious figure. Her open palms throw spectral glitter upon us. A spiritual icon. Just by looking at her, I feel her upturned palms manifesting my dreams.

Apfel famously said: “More is more and less is a bore.” This statement was in conversation with Coco Chanel’s equally famous fashion advice: “Before you leave the house, look in the mirror and remove one accessory.” Apfel’s embrace of “more” surely was a celebration of life itself.

more here.

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Your Genome Is a Specimen. Let’s Treat It Like One

Anish Kumar in Undark Magazine:

The announcement that 23andMe is filing for bankruptcy came as little surprise to many who had been following the company’s tumultuous year. CEO Ann Wojcicki was unable to rescue the genetic testing company from its unsustainable business model, leaving some 15 million consumers in limbo about the fate of their genetic data. Within a day, articles and online forums began advising customers to request the deletion of their data, warning of the possibilities of misuse that may ensue. Though 23andMe has always branded itself as a company dedicated to data protection, its own privacy statement makes it clear that customer data can be sold in the event of bankruptcy, merger, or acquisition, meaning a new entity may inherit the right to use (or profit from) 23andMe’s massive trove of genetic data.

More here.

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Baffling chronic pain eases after doses of gut microbes

Humberto Basilio in Nature:

What Rina Green calls her “living hell” began with an innocuous backache. By late 2022, two years later, pain flooded her entire body daily and could be so intense that she couldn’t get out of bed. Painkillers and physical therapy offered little relief. She began using a wheelchair.

Green has fibromyalgia, a mysterious condition with symptoms of widespread and chronic muscle pain and fatigue. No one knows why people get fibromyalgia, and it is difficult to treat. But eight months ago, Green received an experimental therapy: pills containing living microorganisms of the kind that populate the healthy human gut. Her pain decreased substantially, and Green, who lives in Haifa, Israel, and is now 38, can go on walks — something she hadn’t done since her fibromyalgia diagnosis.

Green was one of 14 participants in a trial of microbial supplements for the condition. All but two reported an improvement in their symptoms. The trial is so small that “we should take the results with a grain of salt”, says co-organizer Amir Minerbi, a pain scientist at the Technion — Israel Institute of Technology in Haifa. “But it is encouraging [enough] to move forward.” The trial results and data from other experiments linking fibromyalgia to gut microbes are published today in Neuron1.

More here.

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Sunday, April 27, 2025

Global BYD

Paolo Gerbaudo in Phenomenal World:

Tariffs are typically used at one of two key junctures in the development of a national economy: either at the time of industrial infancy, when they are trying to cultivate fledgling national champions, or at the time of financial senility, when a country’s elites are hoping to forestall impending decline. Donald Trump’s chaotically managed trade war is a clear example of the latter. Amid the intensifying retreat of American hegemony, however, an alternative geo-economic and geopolitical arrangement is coming into view: a battery-powered globalization with Chinese characteristics. In this reordering, China is poised to be the leading actor, with green technology the driver. Its most evident manifestation is the massive international expansion of its electric vehicles (EV) industry.

The excellence of Chinese EVs, which were until recently derided by the likes of Elon Musk, is now incontrovertible. What is more, China’s tech supremacy is quickly translating into market dominance, so much so that it is now threatening to overtake other leaders not only in the EV market, but in the automotive industry as a whole. This bears seismic consequences for international economic geography.

More here.

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Critique Without Reason

Jensen Suther in Sidecar:

Few scholars have done more in recent decades to preserve the legacy of Theodor Adorno than Peter Gordon. An intellectual historian at Harvard, Gordon first rose to prominence in the 2000s with his prize-winning works on the affinities between Heidegger and Rosenzweig and the Heidegger–Cassirer debate. These were followed by Adorno and Existence (2016), in which Gordon set out to recover Adorno’s forceful critique of Heidegger, and existentialism more broadly, as a form of anti-rationalist metaphysics rooted in late-capitalist alienation. In his recent writings, including his introduction to the new edition of The Authoritarian Personality, Gordon makes the case for the continued relevance of the Frankfurt School’s analysis of totalitarianism, bringing it to bear on the rise of the contemporary far right. Yet his chief contribution arguably lies in his careful, systematic reconstruction of Adorno’s peculiar form of materialism – which is said to underpin his conception of the ‘good life’.

If the aim of Adorno and Existence was to highlight the ‘negative’ dimension of Adorno’s project – his critical interrogation of existentialism – then the central ambition of Gordon’s new book, A Precarious Happiness: Adorno and the Sources of Normativity, is to recover the positive, normative dimension of his theory of modernity. For Gordon, Adorno not only offers a scathing account of how the modern bourgeois form of life has failed; he also ‘measures that failure against a maximalist demand for happiness or human flourishing’.

More here.

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The War on the Liberal Class

David Klion in The Ideas Letter:

Liberalism has never been merely a set of abstract ideas, and it has never been uniformly experienced within the liberal polity. As Antonio Gramsci observed, cultural hegemony allows the bourgeoisie to maintain its dominant position in society by creating a broad social consensus around its own norms and values, and very often those norms and values have been liberal. Liberalism has always been the ideology of a particular socioeconomic stratum: from the Parisian haute bourgeoisie that declared the Rights of Man in the late 18th century to the New Class of college-educated intellectuals, professionals, and creatives that by the 1970s had come to dominate liberalism in the United States—at least according to its many critics. James Burnham anticipated capitalism’s managerial turn as early as 1941. Christopher Lasch, in his posthumously published 1995 book The Revolt of the Elites and the Betrayal of Democracy, criticized upper-middle-class groups as having alienated themselves materially and culturally from the rest of the population, describing them as “a new class only in the sense that their livelihoods rest not so much on ownership of property as on the manipulation of information and professional expertise.” The right-wing ideologue Curtis Yarvin, a court favorite of Vice President J.D. Vance and the Silicon Valley oligarch Marc Andreessen, calls this cohort “the cathedral.” Nate Silver has dubbed it “the Village.” Musa al-Gharbi, who recently responded in The Ideas Letter to a critical review of his book We Have Never Been Woke: The Cultural Contradictions of a New Elite, has described approximately the same group as “symbolic capitalists—professionals who work in fields like finance, consulting, law, HR, education, media, science and technology.” Less hostile observers might simply say “the establishment” or “liberal civil society” or, as Barbara and John Ehrenreich put it in 1977, “the professional-managerial class.”

It is a version of this class that lives and breathes liberalism and forms its core constituency in any given place and time. And it is this class that is under sustained assault from all directions right now, with both corporate capital and much of the lumpenproletariat targeting its prevailing fashions (often cast as “wokeness”) and the rights (media and academic freedom, the rule of law) that undergird the material basis of its influence (government bureaucracies, elite universities, publishing houses, legacy newspapers and magazines, the entertainment industry). Across many countries, the authority and autonomy of the liberal class is being challenged and undermined; on every front, the liberal class faces precarity, professional frustration, and ambient despair over the state of the culture

More here.

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The Sameness of Different Things

Benjamin Kunkel in Harper’s Magazine:

Let us approach Capital as naïvely as possible, while admitting that in the case of Capital this decision can hardly be anything but a ruse. The ruseful naïveté I have in mind will consist in our pretending not to have any extratextual information about the book—­in particular, information about the enormous literature of partisan commentary that has grown up around Marx’s analysis of capitalism or about the international Communist movement that took Capital for its warrant.

The paragraph above copies almost word for word the first sentences of “Against Ulysses,” a 1988 essay by the critic Leo Bersani about another book whose reputation almost ruinously precedes it, namely Joyce’s novel about a June day in Dublin. Such helpless plagiarism on my part (turns out I couldn’t imagine a naïve or innocent reading of Capital without recalling Bersani’s similar gambit) should by itself imply how hard it is to achieve true naïveté in the face of an exceptionally famous book. Already it was more than 140 years ago that an old man named Karl Marx and an infant baptized James Augustine Joyce shared the air for some thirteen months, and by now all the endless discussion of the notorious books that these writers produced means that any attempt to read them in a spirit of innocence smacks of too much experience. I was just a kid when I first heard of Das Kapital, evidently such a sinister title that, like Mein Kampf, it could only be uttered in German. Most people have been hearing about Marx and Marxism forever; even Donald Trump, whom no one would suspect of having read Capital, routinely castigates his opponents as Marxists.

More here.

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Social Media Use and Adult Depression

Erin O’Donnell in Harvard Magazine:

Parenting teenagers in 2022 generally entails worrying about their use of platforms such as Instagram, Snapchat, and TikTok; multiple studies point to links between social-media use and anxiety and depression among children and adolescents. Yet a new study reveals similar associations between depression and social-media use for their parents and grandparents too.

The findings come out of the COVID States Project, a series of surveys of adults in all 50 states, which began in spring 2020, soon after the pandemic began. It’s led by a multidisciplinary team of researchers from four universities, including Roy Perlis, the Dozoretz Professor of Psychiatry at Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, and John Della Volpe, director of polling at the Harvard Kennedy School’s Institute of Politics. For this study, they identified more than 5,000 people, with an average age of 56, who showed no signs of depression as measured by a standard screening. Participants initially were asked if they use social media. When surveyed again later, those who used Snapchat, Facebook, and TikTok were more likely to report symptoms of depression.

More here.

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Sunday Poem

The Lost One

Floating on the great night sea, your little boat
secure as a comforter. Something comes your
way – a swell? a seasurge? something rising
from the deep, shaping itself out of all that
amorphousness. Now it has a hand reaching
out to you – you lean its way more and more
until the gunwale almost touches the water,
but you can’t quite reach it. You see the hand
start to lose confidence, “Hold on,” you say, “I’ll
wake up, take notes, write you down. We’ll be
friends. I’ll listen,” but the hand knows its only
talk and slides back down into the general drift.
When you come to shore in the morning your
only catch is knowing something was lost.

by Nils Peterson

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Friday, April 25, 2025

New Horizons in Prescriptivism Research

Stan Carey at Sentence first:

In the Preface to his landmark Dictionary of 1755, Samuel Johnson wrote that ‘sounds are too volatile and subtile for legal restraints; to enchain syllables, and to lash the wind, are equally the undertakings of pride’. Any dictionary, any grammar, is but a snapshot: all living languages change, and they do so constantly and at every level.

Yet there is an instinct in many of us to fix aspects of our language or to nudge it in this or that direction. It’s commonplace to the point of banality to flinch at a pronunciation, spelling, idiom, or other usage. The trick is to acknowledge the subjectivity (and usually futility, and often infelicity) of such a feeling – maybe even to get over it.

The caricature of prescriptivism – the prescribing of norms in language use – is of pedants and purists decrying variation and innovation in language, insisting on style rules they learned in school. But prescriptivism is a broad church. It can make a linguistic variety more consistent, enhancing its communicative reach and facility. Some prescriptivism, contra the conservative stereotype, is progressive, advocating a more inclusive lexicon.

More here.

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