First Therapy Chatbot Trial Yields Mental Health Benefits

Morgan Kelly at the website of Dartmouth:

Dartmouth researchers conducted the first-ever clinical trial of a generative AI-powered therapy chatbot and found that the software resulted in significant improvements in participants’ symptoms, according to results published March 27 in NEJM AI.

People in the study also reported they could trust and communicate with the system, known as Therabot, to a degree that is comparable to working with a mental health professional.

The trial consisted of 106 people from across the United States diagnosed with major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, or an eating disorder. Participants interacted with Therabot through a smartphone app by typing out responses to prompts about how they were feeling or initiating conversations when they needed to talk.

People diagnosed with depression experienced a 51% average reduction in symptoms, leading to clinically significant improvements in mood and overall well-being, the researchers report. Participants with generalized anxiety reported an average reduction in symptoms of 31%, with many shifting from moderate to mild anxiety, or from mild anxiety to below the clinical threshold for diagnosis.

More here.

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Are We Taking A.I. Seriously Enough?

Josh Rothman at The New Yorker:

Many people don’t know how seriously to take A.I. It can be hard to know, both because the technology is so new and because hype gets in the way. It’s wise to resist the sales pitch simply because the future is unpredictable. But anti-hype, which emerges as a kind of immune response to boosterism, doesn’t necessarily clarify matters. In 1879, the Times ran a multipart front-page story about the light bulb, under the headline “Edison’s Electric Light—Conflicting Statements as to Its Utility.” In a section offering “a scientific view,” the paper quoted an eminent engineer—the president of the Stevens Institute of Technology—who was “protesting against the trumpeting of the result of Edison’s experiments in electric lighting as ‘a wonderful success.’ ” He wasn’t being unreasonable: inventors had been failing to construct workable light bulbs for decades. In many other instances, his anti-hype would’ve been warranted.

A.I. hype has created two kinds of anti-hype. The first holds that the technology will soon plateau: maybe A.I. will continue struggling to plan ahead, or to think in an explicitly logical, rather than intuitive, way.

more here.

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Why those tariff numbers?

Matt Lutz at Humean Being:

So Trump’s basic starting point is that he thinks trade deficits are bad. They’re not, but he thinks they are. He has this very dumb idea that a trade deficit is a deficit of trade, and the dollar amount of the trade deficit is the amount that other countries are cheating us out of through nefarious… I dunno, trading?

So his solution to this injustice is to try to inflict an equal and opposite amount of damage to the other country’s economy. If they’re taking X dollars from us in trade deficit, we’ll take X dollars from them in tariffs. And that’s precisely what the formula is supposed to do. The other country is stealing X dollars from us (per the trade deficit), so we’ll take X dollars right back (with a tariff).

So, a toy example: Suppose that there is another country that we import $100 of goods from and export $21 of goods to. That’s a trade deficit of $79.

More here.  And more on this from Noah Smith here.

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Josephine Baker

Lucy Moore at Literary Review:

Today we think of Josephine Baker as the personification of the Jazz Age – the skinny black kid from Missouri who took Paris by storm. In retrospect, her show-stopping Revue Nègre act can be read as a subversion of the prejudices of her age. At the time, however, it just looked like a heady cocktail of comedy, exoticism and sex. Scantily garlanded with feathers, dancing to ‘barbaric, syncopated music’, Baker was ‘black poetry’, according to Marcel Sauvage, who acted as her ghostwriter.

The fact that she had got to Paris at all was testament to her resilience and spirit. Born into poverty in St Louis in 1906, Baker never knew who her real father was. By the age of eight she was working as a maid. At eleven, she witnessed the devastating racist violence of the East St Louis massacre. Two years later, having dropped out of school, she was scraping together a living dancing on street corners. She was married – the first time at only thirteen – and divorced twice before she was twenty.

more here.

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Travelers to Unimaginable Lands: Stories of Dementia, the Caregiver, and the Human Brain

Norman Doidge in Tablet:

Travelers to Unimaginable Lands is that rarity: true biblio-therapy. Lucid, mature, wise, with hardly a wasted word, it not only deepens our understanding of what transpires as we care for a loved one with Alzheimer’s, it also has the potential to be powerfully therapeutic, offering the kind of support and reorientation so essential to the millions of people struggling with the long, often agonizing leave-taking of loved ones stricken with the dreaded disease. The book is based on a profound insight: the concept of “dementia blindness,” which identifies a singular problem of caring for people with dementia disorders—one that has generally escaped notice but, once understood, may make a significant difference for many caregivers.

Elegantly written and accessible, Travelers is full of frank, lively, and illuminating conversations between the author, Dasha Kiper, and caregivers, which explore the ways caregivers get stuck in patterns hard to escape.

More here.

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Is Lifetime Cancer Risk Determined Before Birth?

Hannah Thomasy in The Scientist:

In 2015, scientists made a surprising discovery about physiologically normal human skin: More than 25 percent of cells carried genetic mutations known to cause cancer and the average number of mutations per cell was similar to the burden observed in many tumors.1 This research demonstrated that while genetic mutations are critical drivers of cancer development, other factors also play key roles. Indeed, scientists are increasingly finding that epigenetic factors, which do not change the genetic code but can drastically alter gene expression, are important for cancer risk and resilience as well.

More here.

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Friday Poem

Metropolis with Ghazal

Come walk with me through the bones of this bustling city.
Time hedges its bets in the spit-spatter of this hustling city.
On the streets, fragrance is rampant. Catharsis of us, strained
through the finely-woven forgetfulness of this muslin city.
A silent movie plays at the Regal. Speak to me of silence,
lest I scream mercy in the bare fangs of this cuspid city.
You and me at the speed of sound. Leave behind a note
for me in the rich, riotous libraries of this lovesick city.
There is a war on TV. The ratings are high. Lay down
your arms for me, in the bravado of this muscling city.
Mythology’s all the rage. The disco dance of antiquities.
It prospers florid as the footnotes to this tussling city.
Jesus speaks to me from a mosque that peals with temple
bells, deep in the wide-eyed throb of this puzzling city.
Siddharth, you should leave prophecy behind. Sing, write,

scream, prosper. Tonight, dream up this druglicked city.

by Siddharth Dasgupta
from Rattle Magazine

 

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Thursday, April 3, 2025

The Colors Of Her Coat

Scott Alexander at Astral Codex Ten:

In Ballad of the White Horse, G.K. Chesterton describes the Virgin Mary:

Her face was like an open word
When brave men speak and choose,
The very colours of her coat
Were better than good news.

Why the colors of her coat?

The medievals took their dyes very seriously. This was before modern chemistry, so you had to try hard if you wanted good colors. Try hard they did; they famously used literal gold, hammered into ultrathin sheets, to make golden highlights.

Blue was another tough one. You could do mediocre, half-faded blues with azurite. But if you wanted perfect blue, the color of the heavens on a clear evening, you needed ultramarine.

Here is the process for getting ultramarine. First, go to Afghanistan. Keep in mind, you start in England or France or wherever. Afghanistan is four thousand miles away. Your path takes you through tall mountains, burning deserts, and several dozen Muslim countries that are still pissed about the whole Crusades thing. Still alive? Climb 7,000 feet through the mountains of Kuran Wa Munjan…

More here.

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The Dazzling Complexity of the Frozen World

Jaime Herndon at Undark:

It’s an iconic image: A polar bear perched on a lone ice cap, drifting at sea. Is that the fate climate change has in store for this powerful Arctic inhabitant? In 2004, the discovery of a fossil polar bear jaw on Svalbard, a Norwegian archipelago, suggested another possibility. The fossil came from a bear that had lived between 110,000 and 130,000 years ago, an era that was warm — even warmer than today.

But studies of the genome extracted from the fossil showed the ancient bear had much greater genetic diversity than modern polar bears. Scientists hypothesized that when ice diminished in previous millennia, polar bears moved to land and interbred with brown bears, whose genes could have helped them adapt to the warmer weather. With possibly fewer genetic resources, today’s polar bears may not fare as well.

That’s one of the many unexpected discoveries covered in “Ends of the Earth: Journeys to the Polar Regions in Search of Life, the Cosmos, and Our Future,” the latest book by paleontologist and evolutionary biologist Neil Shubin. And the tenuous fate of the polar bear hints at the question at the heart of his narrative: What is it about the polar regions that seems so important to our understanding of the environment — and ourselves?

More here.

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The Most Neglected Social Issue of Our Time

David Kay at Harbus:

One doesn’t need a philosophy degree to recognize that the way we think about animals is, at best, deeply inconsistent. Consider the following: many Americans love dogs and cats and shudder at the notion of any harm befalling their furry companions. We reserve furious disdain for those who abuse them, to the point where all fifty states distribute felonies for cruelty against dogs and cats. For most, the notion of torturing and killing a dog to eat him or her is beyond the pale.

And yet, humans tolerate the intolerable when it comes to farm animals merely because we have decided some species are less worthy of moral consideration than others. In a society that could send someone to jail for cutting off a dog’s testicles without painkillers, it’s not only legal, but also standard industry practice to castrate piglets without any pain relief whatsoever.

More here.

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The Rest of Our Lives – a quietly brilliant midlife roadtrip

Marcel Theroux in The Guardian:

Ben Markovits’s quietly excellent new novel begins with the most mundane of middle-class crises. The book’s narrator, 55-year-old law professor Tom Layward, is taking his youngest child to university. For Tom and his wife Amy, the major tasks of parenting are about to vanish in the rear view mirror. The question is: what’s next?

It’s a moment of change and re-evaluation for any couple. But within Tom and Amy’s marriage an unexploded bomb is ticking. Tom tells us in the first paragraph that, 12 years earlier, Amy had an affair. He managed his heartbreak by making a deal with himself that he would leave when his youngest went to college.

More here.

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Intermittent Fasting Might Be an Easy Way to Boost Libido

Jenny Lehmann in Discover:

While a drop in libido is often associated with aging in women, it’s not just a female issue. Around 26 percent of men over 70 report a loss of sexual desire as well. Sex isn’t just about reproduction — physical intimacy fosters emotional connection, reduces stress, boosts the immune system, and generally improves mood. Understanding what affects our libido can reveal how lifestyle changes might enhance our sex drive and relationships. Age-related libido changes are seen across mammalian species. For example, older mice also show a decline in sexual activity, leading to lower offspring production.

Researchers from the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), alongside teams from Qingdao University and the University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, initially set out to investigate how intermittent fasting in male mice might affect their offspring. However, their study, published in Cell Metabolism, uncovered something unexpected: long-term fasting increased sex drive across all age groups. Their hypothesis? A change in neurotransmitter concentrations in the brain, which could potentially be used to treat libido loss in humans.

More here.

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William and Henry James

Peter Brooks at The Paris Review:

When Henry James decided to come to America in 1904 and 1905, his elder brother, William James, was not immediately pleased. William said that while his wife, Alice, would welcome his visit (she and Henry had a firm bond), he felt “more keenly a good many of the désagréments to which you inevitably will be subjected, and imagine the sort of physical loathing with which many features of our national life will inspire you.” There follows an account of how traveling Americans ate their boiled eggs, presumably in hotels and on trains, “bro’t to them, broken by a negro, two in a cup, and eaten with butter.” As a source of physical loathing, this seems a bit excessive: one might linger over William’s attempts to keep Henry’s visit at bay. William’s letter seems more to the point when he notes: “The vocalization of our countrymen is really, and not conventionally, so ignobly awful … It is simply incredibly loathsome.”

William’s discouragement provoked from Henry a declaration of his determination not to be deterred from coming. “You are very dissuasive,” he wrote to William.

more here.

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Thursday Poem

In the Light of Dreaming Rinny

She was a lens in the sun
in a corner fitting into herself
settling in like batter. Smooth and easy.

And music. Oh, the music everywhere.

Romantic Russian anguish
splaying loud—
like hearing your dreams
turned up loud for all to read.

At night in a quiet room
she sank into a light of dreaming

her dreams she now thinks
were black and white
photographs of a stilled history.
Of the wars–D-Day, Dachau, Hiroshima
All that drama frozen in those faces looking.

Like she is
Her coffee eyes staring out
into the flat-screens of time.

And now– closed doors and the whispers,
Horrible hush of  home movies happening.
Large photos of Jews pressing against each other gasping for space,
Joe Stalin looming terrible and gritty in his large wool clothes.
And her mother hiding alone by herself
For hours here in the afternoon. Kooklah Fran and Ollie.

Pain prick-points. Where she is
in a corner.  Not knowing how to.
Her thick braids itching against this quiet.

Holding on to the sun. Which she can taste fading on her lips.
Sometimes in those pictures, some times,
dark women with bright bandanas.
She thinks she sees the sister she never knew, fitting into herself.

Guessing into all this past, her paprika eyes mazing
about how to know the bold darkness of this light.
and the tremulous force driving all the flowers of all her feeling.

by Linda E. Chown
from Numéro Cinque

Wednesday, April 2, 2025

Redeeming Jealousy

Marilyn Simon in The Hedgehog Review:

In general, we view sexual jealousy as bad. Jealousy creates distrust and destroys harmony. It does not always cause the kind of outright physical violence it does in Othello, but it certainly does violence to one’s peace of mind and to one’s sense of security and comfort. Sexual jealousy can cause an otherwise dignified individual to become a snooping, creeping, paranoid obsessive. Jealous souls, as Shakespeare writes, “are not ever jealous for the cause, / But jealous for they’re jealous. It is a monster / Begot upon itself, born on itself.” It can lead to hatred, manipulation, control, and cruelty. In Othello, it leads directly to despair and to death. And yet its absence and the void it has left behind herald something more sinister and colder than the terror and grandeur produced by the hot-blooded, violent stirring of the human heart. Instead of a thunderstorm that frightens and awes, we are left with the dreariness of a gray drizzle that chills to the bone. Sexual jealousy is the proof of sexual love. It is the evidence of a love for another that is so total that to imagine another enjoying even a part of one’s beloved drives one to a crisis of meaning that turns toward rage and despair.

More here.

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We Can, Must, and Will Simulate Nematode Brains

Michael Skuhersky at Asterisk:

A near-perfect simulation of the human brain would have profound implications for humanity. It could offer a pathway for us to transcend the biological limitations that have constrained human potential, and enable unimaginable new forms of intelligence, creativity, and exploration. This represents the next phase in human evolution, freeing our cognition and memory from the limits of our organic structure.

Unfortunately, it’s also a long way off. The human brain contains on the order of one hundred billion neurons — interconnected by up to a quadrillion synapses. Reverse-engineering this vast network would require computational resources far exceeding what’s currently available. Scientists seeking a proof of concept for whole brain emulation have had to turn to simpler model organisms. And by far the simplest available brain — at just 300 neurons — belongs to the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.

Scientists have been working on the problem of simulating C. elegans in some form or another for over 25 years. So far, they’ve been met with little success. But with today’s technology, the task is finally possible, and — as I’ll argue — necessary.

More here.

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