Carlo Rovelli: Why bad philosophy is stopping progress in physics

Carlo Rovelli in Nature:

Nature seems to have played us for a fool in the past few decades. Much theoretical research in fundamental physics during this time has focused on the search ‘beyond’ our best theories: beyond the standard model of particle physics, beyond the general theory of relativity, beyond quantum theory. But an epochal sequence of experimental results has proved many such speculations unfounded, and confirmed physics that I learnt at school half a century ago. I think physicists are failing to heed the lessons — and that, in turn, is hindering progress in physics.

Take the 2012 discovery of the Higgs boson using the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN, Europe’s particle-physics laboratory near Geneva, Switzerland. Peter Higgs and François Englert, two of the theorists who had established the underlying theory almost 50 years earlier, shared the 2013 Nobel Prize in Physics for this feat. The Higgs boson was the last particle of the standard model of particle physics to be discovered, and spectacularly confirmed that model, rather than the dozens of theories beyond it. Meanwhile, the apparent absence of evidence for ‘supersymmetric’ particles in LHC data has disappointed a generation of theoretical physicists who had bet on such particles existing, motivated by speculative theories, including string theory.

More here.

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The $200 Billion Gamble: Bill Gates’s Plan to Wind Down His Foundation

David Wallace-Wells in the New York Times:

Established in 2000 — when Melinda French Gates was just 35 and Bill Gates was 44 and the world’s richest man — the foundation quickly became one of the most consequential philanthropies the world has ever seen, utterly reshaping the landscape of global public health, pouring more than $100 billion into causes starved for resources and helping save tens of millions of lives.

For all its pragmatic public-health spade work, the foundation has also served as a kind of valorous abstraction — the seeming embodiment of “the Golden Rule,” in a phrase that Bill Gates likes to use, and the face of an increasingly anachronistic era of elite optimism.

“You could say this announcement is not very timely,” Gates says, but the timeline isn’t short: He is committing the foundation to 20 more years of generous aid, more than $200 billion in total, targeting health and human development. And it comes laced with familiar humanitarian confidence, as Gates and his team now believe that their central goals can be achieved in much shorter time. But it is also disconcertingly definitive: The foundation will close its doors, permanently, on Dec. 31, 2045, at least several decades before originally intended. In the meantime, it will be spending down its endowment, as well as almost all of Gates’s remaining personal fortune.

More here.

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All Yesterday’s Parties

Frances Wilson in Literary Review:

Poets tend not to enjoy parties. W H Auden recalled that when T S Eliot was asked at a party if he was having fun, he replied, ‘Yes, if you see the essential horror of it all.’ ‘My wife and I have asked a crowd of craps/To come and waste their time and ours,’ writes Warlock-Williams in Philip Larkin’s ‘Vers de Société’. ‘Perhaps/You’d care to join us?’ ‘In a pig’s arse, friend,’ the speaker thinks. Why waste an evening holding a glass of ‘washing sherry’, catching ‘the drivel of some bitch/Who’s read nothing but Which’ and ‘Asking that ass about his fool research’? Small talk is usually the problem. Auden, in ‘At the Party’, moans how ‘Unrhymed, unrhythmical, the chatter goes:/Yet no one hears his own remarks as prose.’

Party talk makes for good social comedy. Tom Rachman’s story collection Basket of Deplorables begins with an election party hosted by Democrats in Manhattan in 2016. ‘What I don’t get about chiropractors, osteopaths and physios is how they interface, you know?’ opines one guest. ‘If I may mansplain…’ another interjects. ‘Social media’, a third is heard to say, ‘is taking ownership of the self.’ ‘Definitely an interesting narrative to unpack,’ responds a professor of cultural theory. ‘If it’s all the same to you,’ thinks Georgie, the hostess, ‘I’d rather just scream.’

More here.

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Final Destination: Distinct Cell Differentiation Patterns in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Revealed

Rebecca Roberts in The Scientist:

In a presentation at the American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) Annual Meeting 2025, author Andy Zeng of the University of Toronto revealed that their approach could distinguish 12 distinct patterns of differentiation across AML samples—this level of granular information could not be achieved using current methods. “You can see that despite having the same diagnosis, they differ profoundly in terms of the regions of hematopoiesis that are implicated,” said Zeng. The team used their reference map for normal hematopoiesis, comprised of 263,159 single-cell transcriptomes across 55 cell states, as a North Star. They mapped over 1.2 million cells from more than 300 leukemia samples to this reference atlas to determine patterns of aberrant differentiation.

Among the different cell differentiation stages that the team identified, some were characterized by early blocks in differentiation, and some by the enrichment of differentiation states from many stages of hematopoiesis. Others were characterized by the enrichment of differentiation states from a specific progenitor, such as an erythroid, lymphoid, or myeloid progenitor. Erythroid and lymphoid enrichment were unexpected because AML is typically characterized by a differentiation trajectory toward myeloid cells.

More here.

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Ars Moriendi for the Twenty-first Century

Justin Hawkins at the Hedgehog Review:

There have always been many ways of dying badly. In the late eighteenth century, the devout English writer Samuel Johnson struggled furiously and profanely against his own demise, ordering his surgeon, beyond all hope and reason, to delve deeper with a scalpel to force more senseless bleeding. That was then. Surely things are better now? Not according to theologian and ethicist Travis Pickell, who argues in his new book that the vast array of modern end-of-life technologies have only ended up providing us with even more ways of shuffling off this mortal coil. What Pickell calls “burdened agency” is a particularly modern condition arising from a combination of two factors. First, because we are presented with more choices than ever before, we are obliged to choose more than ever before. Only a century ago, for example, an ailing person simply met death when it came. Now the ailing person must choose whether to undergo exceedingly invasive medical operations, or perhaps hasten death through physician-assisted suicide. Even if one were to reject both of these routes, that itself is a choice with consequences and moral meanings. Where once an elderly person dwindling slowly to death may have stood as an example of resolution and quiet dignity unto the last, now that person is stubbornly choosing to drain the healthcare coffers and drive up insurance premiums for the rest of us, when they could instead have disqualified themselves from life and saved society the burden.

more here.

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The Future In The Dustbins Of History

Madeleine Adams at The Baffler:

Trash is the hidden foundation of modern civilization. The ancient Trojans waded “ankle deep” in pottery shards and animal bones and whatever else they threw on the floor until they got so fed up with the mess that they paved it over. Rome’s first underground sewer, the Cloaca Maxima, which used the city’s rivers to sweep away waste, was constructed in the third century BC. Writing over two centuries after its construction, Livy praised the Cloaca as a monument without match, and Pliny, writing about a hundred years after him in AD 77, called it the “most noteworthy achievement” of the Roman Empire, beating out the Colosseum and the Parthenon. At the time of its construction the Cloaca was an engineering spectacle, and it also became a symbol of Roman civic virtue. Sturdy infrastructures that served the people endured; flashy monuments to emperors did not. During floods, Pliny noted, “the street above, massive blocks of stone are dragged along, and yet the tunnels do not cave in.” Humbly concealed by walls and by continued elevations of the surface of the city through centuries of accumulated matter, its invisibility ensured its durability.

more here.

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Thursday Poem

The Gift

he walked into the bakery to buy bread
a big man
well worn cowboy hat
gentle face

we were sitting at a table
drinking our papaya juice
and talking to the dona behind the counter

he turned to us and said
“uma cancao”
and he began to sing in a soft sweet voice
he sang of his seventy-three years
he sang of his growing up
he sang of his family and the death of his wife
he sang of his travels
and he sang of his cows

I didn’t understand all the words
but I understood his song and marveled at its beauty

when he finished singing he just smiled at us
took his bread
and walked out of the bakery

there remained a silence
that was filled
with the gift of his song

by Robert Markey
from Poems From Brazil
2015

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Wednesday, May 14, 2025

“Foolishness on the Page”: Talking with Zahid Rafiq

Nafeesa Syeed at Public Books:

Author Zahid Rafiq spent years as a journalist covering Kashmir, one of the world’s most militarized zones. He made the switch to fiction, completing his MFA at Cornell. In his first book, The World With Its Mouth Open, Rafiq explores the lives of contemporary, everyday Kashmiris. In 11 riveting short stories, his taut but knowing prose forces us to see and hear from characters whose voices are rarely included in the geopolitical discussions around the conflict-ridden region.

Rafiq spoke to me recently over Zoom from Srinagar, Kashmir’s capital. He was sandwiched between rows of bookshelves on either side of him. He insists that accepting one’s own foolishness is key as a writer. In developing his own voice, he’s looked to Chekhov, Kafka, and “lots of Russians,” as well as the chatter of shopkeepers and autorickshaw drivers from his youth.

More here.

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The first driverless trucks have started running regular longhaul routes

Alexandra Skores at CNN:

Driverless trucks are officially running their first regular long-haul routes, making roundtrips between Dallas and Houston.

On Thursday, autonomous trucking firm Aurora announced it launched commercial service in Texas under its first customers, Uber Freight and Hirschbach Motor Lines, which delivers time- and temperature-sensitive freight. Both companies conducted test runs with Aurora, including safety drivers to monitor the self-driving technology dubbed “Aurora Driver.” Aurora’s new commercial service will no longer have safety drivers.

“We founded Aurora to deliver the benefits of self-driving technology safely, quickly, and broadly, said Chris Urmson, CEO and co-founder of Aurora, in a release on Thursday. “Now, we are the first company to successfully and safely operate a commercial driverless trucking service on public roads.”

The trucks are equipped with computers and sensors that can see the length of over four football fields. In four years of practice hauls the trucks’ technology has delivered over 10,000 customer loads across 3 million miles with human supervision. As of Thursday, the company’s self-driving tech has completed over 1,200 miles without a human in the truck.

More here.

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Demonology

David Gordon White at Aeon Magazine:

Demonology, the ‘science of demons’, has always comprised two complementary facets – the one theoretical and the other practical. If one was to battle one’s enemy effectively, one first had to know him, his human confederates, his disguises, his ruses. I use the singular here, because in many of the world’s religious traditions, the demonic hordes were held in the thrall of a single great embodiment of evil, an arch-rival to a benevolent God or gods. The relationship between the demonic host, the pandemonium, and its master was envisioned in several ways. Quite often, the demons were simply a protean swarm, overwhelming by their sheer numbers, visiting natural disasters and plagues upon the land, and madness, sickness and death upon their human victims.

In some cases, however, the pandemonium was imagined as a hierarchy whose structures mimicked those of human institutions or divine pantheons. For the monks of medieval Catholicism, the organisation of the demonic host replicated its own hierarchy. In the same way that the good angels were ranked according to their stations and functions, so too with the evil spirits: our bishops had their counterparts in their bishops, our abbots in their abbots, our priors in their priors, and so on.

more here.

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‘Outdated and unjust’: can we reform global capitalism?

John Cassidy in The Guardian:

Trump’s assault on the old global order is real. But in taking its measure, it’s necessary to look beyond the daily headlines and acknowledge that being in a state of crisis is nothing new to capitalism. It’s also important to note that, as Karl Marx wrote in The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon: “Men make their own history, but they do not make it as they please.” Even would-be authoritarians who occupy the Oval Office have to operate in the social, economic and political environment that is bequeathed to them. In Trump’s case, the inheritance was one in which global capitalism was already suffering from a crisis of legitimacy.

Consider the decade before he was re-elected. In 2014, the global financial crisis and the Occupy Wall Street movement were fresh in the memory. The French economist Thomas Piketty appeared on bestseller lists around the world with his tome Capital in the Twenty-First Century, which highlighted income and wealth inequality. Bankers, billionaires and defenders of free market capitalism appeared to be on the defensive.

More here.

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Is the Next Great American Novel Being Published on Substack?

Peter C. Baker at The New Yorker:

Kanakia isn’t the only one playing with fiction on Substack. The National Book Award winner Sherman Alexie posts fiction, poetry, and essays on his Substack, and Chuck Palahniuk (of “Fight Club” fame) serialized a novel on his. The renowned Israeli author Etgar Keret (who, like Alexie, is a frequent contributor to this magazine) posts fiction on his Substack. Rick Moody, one of the most critically acclaimed and commercially successful literary authors of his generation, recently published a nearly twenty-thousand-word “non-fiction novella” on the Mars Review of Books Substack, and the Times columnist Ross Douthat has, since September, been using the platform to publish “The Falcon’s Children,” a fantasy novel, at the rate of a chapter per week. This is to say nothing of the many names—including George SaundersMary Gaitskill, Catherine Lacey, and Elif Batuman—who have popular Substacks where they publish nonfiction about literature and life.

These are writers who already enjoy considerable levels of professional success and are using Substack to experiment with new styles, build direct connections with their readers, or make a few bucks selling premium-tier subscriptions to their biggest fans.

more here.

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Wednesday Poem

Postscript

And sometime make the time to drive out west
Into County Clare, along the Foggy Shore,
In September or October, when the wind
And light are working off each other
So that the ocean on one side is wild
With foam and glitter, and inland among stones
The surface of a slate-grey lake is lit
By the earthed lightning of a flock of wans,
Their feathers ruffed and ruffling, white on white,
Their fully grown headstrong-looking heads
Tucked or cresting are busy underwater.
Useless to think you’ll park and capture it
More thoroughly. You are neither here nor there,
A hurry through which known and strange thinks pass
As big soft buffetings come at the car sideways
And catch the heart off guard and blow it open.

by Seamus Heaney
from The Spirit Level
Farrar and Giroux, NY, 1996

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Who wants to live forever?

Kieran Setiya in Substack:

I made a joke, last year, about philosophy’s failure as a pedagogy of death: if it was meant to teach me how to reconcile with mortality, it doesn’t seem to have done its job. Not that philosophers haven’t tried. Some make the case directly, arguing that, since being dead is painless, it cannot harm us, or that it makes no more sense to mourn post-mortem non-existence than it does the time before we were born.

But some approach the problem back-to-front. If the opposite of dying is living forever, they reason, we can reconcile with mortality by showing that immortality is worse. Thus, Bernard Williams argued in “The Makropulos Case: Reflections on the Tedium of Immortality”—the spoiler is in the title—that immortality would be tedious to the point of becoming insufferable. Even if we took the precaution of stipulating endless youth and health as well as endless life, we would simply run out of things to do. Boredom would consume us like a never-dying flame, and we would long for death.

More here.

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‘AI models are capable of novel research’: OpenAI’s chief scientist on what to expect

Elizabeth Gibney in Nature:

OpenAI is best known for ChatGPT — the free-to-use, large language model-based chatbot that became a household name after its debut in 2022. The firm, in San Francisco, California, has since released a string of cutting-edge artificial intelligence (AI) tools, including ‘reasoning’ models that use step-by-step ‘thought’ processes to specialize in logical tasks. These tools have helped researchers to polish prose, write codereview the literature and even generate hypotheses. But, like other technology rivals, OpenAI has faced criticisms over the energy demands of its models and the way in which data are exploited for model training. And unlike some firms, OpenAI has almost exclusively released proprietary models that researchers can use, but can’t build on.

More here.

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Tuesday, May 13, 2025

Pranab Bardhan: Universal Basic Income in the World of AI?

Pranab Bardhan at his own Substack:

In my last substack piece I discussed the need for voice of labor in influencing the R & D decisions of companies in shaping the pattern of innovations in a labor-absorbing direction—otherwise increasingly more powerful AI is likely to make most workers redundant in their current jobs and tasks. In the latter eventuality how will people survive in that not-too-distant future? The Big Tech entrepreneurs of Silicon Valley and elsewhere—which include some avowed libertarians (though being libertarian has not usually stopped them from lobbying for large government contracts) and some open supporters of political parties with neo-Nazi roots—have often suggested a simple solution: Universal Basic Income (UBI).

I have been intrigued by this suggestion. If more of the current types of labor-replacing AI which Big Tech is rushing to bring about are in our inexorable future, and in that future if most people have no jobs and thus no income (nor any income taxes to pay), how will UBI be financed? In the US, for example, a level of UBI for everyone at even the current dismal official poverty line of the country will exhaust more than two-thirds of the federal budget, leaving very little for anything else.

More here.

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