Why Experts Can’t Agree on Whether AI Has a Mind

Tharin Pillay in Time Magazine:

“I’m not used to getting nasty emails from a holy man,” says Professor Michael Levin, a developmental biologist at Tufts University.

Levin was presenting his research to a group of engineers interested in spiritual matters in India, arguing that properties like “mind” and “intelligence” can be observed even in cellular systems, and that they exist on a spectrum. His audience loved it. But when he pushed further—arguing that the same properties emerge everywhere, including in computers—the reception shifted. “Dumb machines” and “dead matter” could not have these properties, members of his audience insisted. “A lot of people who are otherwise spiritual and compassionate find that idea very disturbing,” he says. Hence, the angry emails.

More here.

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Sunday, January 25, 2026

Writing the History of Neoliberalism

Quinn Slobodian, Priya Lal, Gary Gerstle and Tehila Sasson in Transactions of the Royal Historical Society:

[Quinn Slobodian] Until very recently, to talk about the category of neoliberalism in the discipline of history was to describe an absence. While the term experienced rapid adoption in the adjacent fields of geography, anthropology and sociology in the early millennium, it remained a piece of jargon too far for most historians, who are temperamentally leery of what they perceive as trendy terminology and prefer their research to be implicitly rather than explicitly informed by theoretical work. Yet the last decade has seen the category of neoliberalism tiptoeing into the work of historians too. The term ‘neoliberal’ appeared in the title of an article in American Historical Review and Past & Present for the first time in 2019 and 2021, respectively. Angus Burgin’s intellectual history of neoliberalism, The Great Persuasion, won the Merle Curti Award for best book in intellectual history; Duke historian Nancy MacLean’s Democracy in Chains was a finalist for the National Book Award; my own book – with neoliberalism in its title – received a prize from the American Historical Association; and the book of another contributor to this forum, The Rise and Fall of the Neoliberal Order, was shortlisted for the Financial Times Business Book of the Year.

How can we explain the creeping mainstreaming of neoliberalism for historians? One reason is external to the university. Broader public debates in the wake of the Global Financial Crisis, the Eurozone crisis and the responding political formations of Occupy and the ‘movements of the squares’ injected an activist strain inside the academy among graduate students who, in some cases, are now junior professors or postdoctoral scholars with their first books published. More senior scholars have also responded to the zeitgeist. To offer one prominent example, the economic historian Adam Tooze, who largely eschewed the category of neoliberalism in his earlier work, made it central in his more recent publications. Despite its periodic denunciations as a category by some senior historians and the preference of others to handle it only with the tongs of scare quotes, neoliberalism has shown its traction as a concept deployed by people to make sense of a present where people’s life chances seem constrained by a capitalist framework beyond the power of any individual or single state.

More here.

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Carnival Strikes Back

Pedro Abramovay in The Ideas Letter:

In 2025, the Rio de Janeiro Carnival parade was, for the first time, interrupted by an announcement: I Am Still Here, a film that portrays the brutality of Brazil’s military dictatorship, had won the Oscar for Best International Feature Film. It was the first time Brazil had won. The atmosphere in the Sambódromo, a special stadium built by architect Oscar Niemeyer for the annual Carnival parade, was as euphoric as a World Cup victory.

The film is not an easy one. Directed by Walter Salles Jr, it depicts the tragic story of the forced disappearance of former congressman Rubens Paiva and the search—led by his wife, Eunice—for the truth about what happened to her husband, a former Congressman who was imprisoned, tortured, and killed by the military forces at the behest of Brazil’s dictatorship. In a country as polarized as Brazil, it was far from obvious that the Oscar victory of such a political film would be celebrated almost unanimously.

Brazil remains deeply divided in its interpretation of the dictatorship. Half the country voted to reelect former president Jair Bolsonaro in 2022, who not only continues to defend the military regime as the best period in Brazil’s history, but attempted to actually replicate the coup d’état that inaugurated the dictatorship in 1964 when his opponent, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, won. He is currently imprisoned.

Bolsonaro’s hatred for I Am Still Here runs deep. He has always despised Rubens Paiva: In 2014, when the country erected a statue honoring Paiva, Bolsonaro spat on it. So the fact that the film provoked an explosion of joy in the Sambódromo, interrupting the Carnival parade, is no small matter.

More here.

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Iran in Revolt

Kayhan Valadbaygi in Phenomenal World:

The recent unrest in Iran marks the fourth major uprising since 2017.1 Sparked by merchants in Tehran who closed their stores in protest at a sharp drop in the currency, the ferment soon spread across the nation, drawing in a wide cross-section of people—from students to business owners to the urban poor—who clashed with the increasingly repressive state authorities. Over the next three weeks, the turmoil only seemed to escalate: an internet blackout, a mounting death toll, apparent penetration of the protests by Mossad, threats of bombing and regime change from Washington.

And then, in a matter of days, the momentum ebbed away. The government appeared to regain control, using what one analyst described as a “systematic strategy to encircle and fatigue the protest movement.” For now, it seems the clerical establishment will remain in place, since the domestic opposition is not strong enough to dislodge it and the US is unwilling to risk a major intervention.

Yet the crackdown has done nothing to address the origins of the upheaval, which lie in the country’s political economy and social structure. These have been reshaped, in recent decades, by two primary forces: the neoliberalization of the post-revolutionary state since the early 1990s, and the dramatic expansion of international sanctions since 2012. This has reconfigured Iran’s patterns of accumulation, allowing a narrow set of actors—primarily the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) and the religious-revolutionary foundations—to consolidate power.

For everyone else, conditions have deteriorated. Inequality and poverty are on the rise. Casualization and wage repression are ubiquitous. Welfare has been eroded, the middle class has been hollowed out, and a growing stratum of educated youth are unemployed or underemployed. The result is a simmering crisis of legitimacy, which now routinely erupts into the open. In what follows, I will show how deep political-economic transformations created the context for the events of this month, and interrogate their meaning for the future of the Iranian regime. Roiled from within and menaced from without, what are its chances of survival?

More here.

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The death of the dance floor — and the movements to replace it

Maria Diaz will be the first to tell you that she’s a hype person. If she’s out on the town with her friends, she will happily dance with a stranger. If no one else is moving, she’ll try to get the club going. “We don’t care if people are not,” said 29-year-old Los Angeleno. “That’s what we came out there to do.”

More here.

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A light from the periphery

Richard Fisher in aeon:

On a summer day in 1924, a young Indian physicist named Satyendra Nath Bose sent a paper and a letter to Albert Einstein. It would shape the nascent field of quantum mechanics and secure Bose a place in the annals of scientific history.

At the time, Bose was teaching in colonial India, thousands of miles from the centres of European science. In his letter, the 30-year-old Bose explained that he had found a more elegant way to derive one of the pivotal laws of physics (Planck’s law of radiation) and asked for Einstein’s help in publishing it. To Bose’s astonishment, Einstein replied enthusiastically. He translated Bose’s manuscript into German and arranged for it to be published in Zeitschrift für Physik, a leading physics journal of the time. Thus was born Bose-Einstein statistics, a cornerstone of quantum physics. What made it so significant? In plain terms, Bose devised a new way to count and describe the behaviour of identical quantum particles, most famously, particles of light called photons.

More here.

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Sunday Poem

”The words do not take me to the reason I made the entry, but back to the
felt experience, whatever it was. This is important. I can, then,
think forward again to the idea–that is, the significance of the event
rather than back upon it. It is the instant I try to catch in the notebooks,
not the comment, not the thought.”
Mary Oliver on the notes in her notebooks –

Home from a Trip

by Nils Peterson

Home from a trip, trying to remember
at least the bedrooms where we stayed,
the things in them, the basins, the tables
with electric kettles, instant coffee and tea,
the cabinets, where once in awhile I’d hang
my coat.  Wallpaper? I remember it in just
one room – St. Ives, a 1930ish vertical line
of roses between thin blue stripes.

Often now when I reach for a word, it takes
a day for it to arrive through the clutter, but
images swarm about me wanting to be seen,
wanting to be remembered – the angle of my
childhood bed-room roof in the chauffeur’s flat
above the garage, the noise, clatter, and shining
of the great machines on the night shift my father
worked during the war, that somehow I visited
once – the smell of hot oil against the grind
of metal – now the train station in Kentucky where
I see myself sixteen and suitcased arriving
at school. How can I see myself?

Nils Peterson

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Friday, January 23, 2026

Beatle with a Camera: Paul McCartney’s Photographs at the Frist Museum

Leann Davis Alspaugh at Acroteria:

Eyes of the Storm: Paul McCartney Photographs, 1963–64 showcases a selection of nearly 1,000 recently discovered photographs taken by Paul McCartney with his Pentax during the period in which the Beatles went from being aspiring musicians in Liverpool to white-hot international celebrities. Before Beatlemania took the world by storm, McCartney recorded candid portraits of bandmates George Harrison, Ringo Starr, and John Lennon as they began performing with other acts before moving on to Paris. It wasn’t the first trip to Paris: In 1961, McCartney and Lennon arrived as hitchhikers, dazzled by monuments and boulevards and taking in a concert by Johnny Hallyday, France’s answer to Elvis Presley.

But by the time they returned to Paris as the Beatles in January 1964, things had improved, so much so that they stayed at the luxurious Hotel George V and played three sets a day at the Olympia Theatre, juggling photo shoots and recording sessions. One standout image from this period is a shot of two musicians at the Pathé Marconi Studios where the Beatles recorded German language versions of “I Want to Hold Your Hand” and “She Loves You” for release in West Germany.

More here.

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In the Circle of Ancient Trees

Leon Vlieger at Inquisitive Biologist:

Six years ago, Belgian dendrochronologist Valerie Trouet blew me away with Tree Story, making it onto my year-end list with her account of research on tree rings. To be honest, I was not sure how she could top that book, and maybe she was not either. For her latest book, released autumn last year, she has thus taken on the role of editor to let her colleagues tell you first-hand of their research. In a nicely balanced collection of essays that features long-lived trees from around the globe, ten senior dendrochronologists provide ten different and sometimes personal answers to the question: “And what else can you learn from tree rings?”

Trouet limits her visible contribution to the introduction, where she lays down some of the basic concepts so the others do not have to. What are tree rings? How do you study them without cutting down a tree? And how do you combine tree-ring records from different trees to create chronologies that can stretch back millennia, allowing you to date trees and the wooden objects we construct from them? After this, she steps back to let her colleagues speak.

More here.

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Stuff, Quality, Structure: The Whole Go

David Builes at Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews:

As the reader might have guessed, the views that Strawson defends in the book are far apart from mainstream views in contemporary analytic metaphysics. Moreover, it is worth mentioning that the style of the book is also distinctive. For one, the focus of the book is on developing a unified “big picture” view of fundamental matters in metaphysics, so one might find less detailed argument and critical engagement with alternative views in this book than in other contemporary books in metaphysics, e.g., one could easily write an entire book on categorical monism, or on the powerful qualities view, or on thing-monism, or on kind-monism). The book also seamlessly incorporates references to the history of philosophy throughout. Although Strawson knows full well that his views are not very popular in contemporary metaphysics, he argues that many of his views have been endorsed by some of the most prominent philosophers throughout history (including Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz, Kant, Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, Whitehead, Russell, and others).

In my view, Strawson does an excellent job of bringing out the intuitive motivations for the views that he discusses in an accessible manner, and I strongly recommend the book to anyone who is interested in fundamental metaphysics. In what follows, I will focus on two of Strawson’s main claims: categorical monism and the powerful qualities view.

more here.

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The Hidden Imran: Pakistan’s most famous man

Osman Samiuddin at Equator:

Just so we’re clear, the following is a fact. Not opinion, not a point of view, not a hot take. Fact. There is no Pakistani – male, female, dead, alive, real, imagined – as famous as Imran Khan. Every turn in a multifarious public life has abounded in fame, first as a cricket legend, then as a beloved philanthropist who built a cancer hospital for the poor, latterly as a maverick politician who swept to power promising reform, and now, as the sole occupant of a cell in Pakistan’s most notorious jail. So famous he’s been the subject of two death hoaxes – most recently in November, when he went unseen for so long that many concluded he had died.

There have been others with greater accomplishments. There may come others in the future. But in 78 years of Pakistan, in the pure currency of fame, of being known and recognised, of being talked about, of being the one Pakistani everyone can name, there is nobody beyond Imran. It holds even now, two years into the state’s attempts to erase him from public life.

More here.

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Cheating with John Cheever

Jessica Laser at The Paris Review:

When I read the story, I was convalescing from an affair with a married person. I did love him back, and he didn’t change his life for me, and since you can’t heal at home from a heartbreak nobody knows about, I had gone abroad. Nothing in my life seemed to be working, and I must have searched up Cheever as part of my attempt to try the opposite of everything I had been doing. I had to admit that in the mirror “The Country Husband” held up to me, I appeared a little less broken than I felt. Writing from Francis Weed’s point of view, Cheever had, at a time when I really needed it, validated my experience of how powerful and real and obliterating extramarital love can be—even and especially for the married party. This, by the way, was years before the ubiquity of open marriages made moot the need for affairs, the way de Tocqueville has described the democratic election’s quelling the need for violent revolution. But the impulse to escape, resist, defy; the flirting with destruction, complete overhaul, change—this doesn’t go away just because one container for it has gone licit.

Cheever lived with his wife and children in the real Westchester, during a time when, as Susan Cheever’s new memoir reminds us, you could pay for your daughter’s braces by publishing a short story.

more here.

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It Makes Sense That People See A.I. as God

Joseph Bernstein in The New York Times:

Hark! A sign of the End Times. No, not the Four Horsemen, nor a black sun, nor the resurrection of the dead. The omen that the rapture is upon us is none other than artificial intelligence.

At least, such is the prophecy that has issued forth from the great syncretic dorm room of American culture: Joe Rogan’s mind. In November, the most popular podcaster in the country suggested that the next holy manger might be located not in the Middle East, but inside a mainframe instead. “Jesus was born out of a virgin mother; what’s more virgin than a computer?” he mused on the “American Alchemy” podcast. He added: “If Jesus does return — even if Jesus was a physical person in the past — you don’t think that he could return as artificial intelligence?”

After all, he noted: “It reads your mind, and it loves you.”

More here.

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Friday Poem

The expedition left the Louisville, Kentucky, area near
the Falls of the Ohio on October 26, 1803.

God’s House

When we first left Kentucke
the trees had commenced to dressing up
the fall harvest an the garden
was already full a pumpkins an squash.
.
Massa Clark didn’t ask me to go on no expedition.
He just say “pack” an pointed to the door.
So I gather up what little I got an more than I can carry a his
an head off to a sail-bearing keelboat
where his friend Massa Lewis is waiting.
That boat was so big
you could lay any ten a the sixteen mens on board
or eight a me head to toe an still have enough
room for the dog.
.
We start out on the Ohio an swing up the old man a rivers
When we gets to the mouth a the dark woman
they calls the Big Muddy
we sets up winter camp a good canoe ride from Saint Louie.
.
That spring when the rains come we cross the Mississippi
an commence to climbing the M’soura
an float right up through heaven on earth.
More sky than I ever seen, rocks as pretty as trees
an game so plentiful they come right down to the river bank
an invites they selves to dinner.
.
Now, I ain’t what you would call
a scripture quoter, but the first time
I seen the water fall at M’soura,
felt a herd a buffalo stampede
an looked down from top
a Rock Mountains, it was like church.
.
An where else but God’s house can a body servant
big as me, carry a rifle, hatchet ana bone handle knife
so sharp it can peel the black off a lump a coal
an the white man still close his eyes an feel safe, at night?

.
By Frank X Walker

From: Buffalo Dance: The Journey of York
Accents Publishing, 2022

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