[{"id":310652,"date":"2026-08-31T13:45:17","date_gmt":"2026-08-31T17:45:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/?p=310652"},"modified":"2026-08-31T05:02:39","modified_gmt":"2026-08-31T09:02:39","slug":"agency-and-agents-from-the-hugging-face-incident-to-twilight-factories","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/3quarksdaily\/2026\/08\/agency-and-agents-from-the-hugging-face-incident-to-twilight-factories.html","title":{"rendered":"Agency and Agents: From the Hugging Face Incident to Twilight Factories"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Ethan Mollick at <em>One Useful Thing<\/em>:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-310653\" src=\"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Screenshot-2026-08-31-105931-333x360.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"333\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Screenshot-2026-08-31-105931-333x360.png 333w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Screenshot-2026-08-31-105931-768x830.png 768w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Screenshot-2026-08-31-105931-277x300.png 277w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Screenshot-2026-08-31-105931.png 837w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 333px) 100vw, 333px\" \/>Human agency, the willingness to push, experiment and act without waiting for instructions, seems increasingly important to getting value out of AI, and I have a longer post on that coming soon. But this post is about the agency of AI, and how the choices we make about how to use it (or constrain it) will shape all of our futures. For much of the last few years, the AI would sit in a chat window until you asked it for something. Even when it became capable of doing hours of work, you generally had to decide what work to give it. That is no longer always true.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">The most important piece of evidence we have for this is The Hugging Face Incident. It happened in July, but the fuller details only came out this week. I am going to summarize what happened and why it matters, and then turn to what it means for humans working with AI.<\/p>\n<p>More <a href=\"https:\/\/www.oneusefulthing.org\/p\/agency-and-agents?utm_source=post-email-title&amp;publication_id=1180644&amp;post_id=213455970&amp;utm_campaign=email-post-title&amp;isFreemail=true&amp;r=3ikjv&amp;triedRedirect=true&amp;utm_medium=email\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here<\/a>.\u00a0 And see also &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/humeanbeing.substack.com\/p\/why-huggingface-matters?utm_source=post-email-title&amp;publication_id=1474538&amp;post_id=213497905&amp;utm_campaign=email-post-title&amp;isFreemail=true&amp;r=3ikjv&amp;triedRedirect=true&amp;utm_medium=email\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Why HuggingFace Matters<\/a>&#8221; by Matt Lutz at <em>Humean Being<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Enjoying the content on 3QD? Help keep us going by <a href=\"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/support-3qd\">donating now<\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ethan Mollick at One Useful Thing: Human agency, the willingness to push, experiment and act without waiting for instructions, seems increasingly important to getting value out of AI, and I have a longer post on that coming soon. But this post is about the agency of AI, and how the choices we make about how&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":34,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"pmpro_default_level":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[5918],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-310652","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-recommended-reading","pmpro-has-access"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/310652","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/34"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=310652"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/310652\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":310654,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/310652\/revisions\/310654"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=310652"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=310652"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=310652"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":310680,"date":"2026-08-31T13:15:31","date_gmt":"2026-08-31T17:15:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/?p=310680"},"modified":"2026-08-31T13:21:32","modified_gmt":"2026-08-31T17:21:32","slug":"setting-the-table-depictions-of-christs-last-supper","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/3quarksdaily\/2026\/08\/setting-the-table-depictions-of-christs-last-supper.html","title":{"rendered":"Setting the table: depictions of Christ&#8217;s Last Supper"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Emma Cieslik in\u00a0<em>Art UK:<\/em><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-310681 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/WMR_RAA_PL002165-001-360x137.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"360\" height=\"137\" srcset=\"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/WMR_RAA_PL002165-001-360x137.jpg 360w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/WMR_RAA_PL002165-001-1024x390.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/WMR_RAA_PL002165-001-768x292.jpg 768w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/WMR_RAA_PL002165-001-300x114.jpg 300w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/WMR_RAA_PL002165-001.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 360px) 100vw, 360px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">The Last Supper is usually depicted in one of four scenes \u2013 the Betrayal (Jesus announcing that someone would betray him), the Eucharist (Jesus consecrating the Eucharist in front of his apostles), the Foot Washing, and Farewell. The Betrayal is the most common and well known from\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/artuk.org\/discover\/artists\/leonardo-da-vinci-14521519\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Leonardo da Vinci&#8217;<\/a>s\u00a0<em>Last Supper<\/em>\u00a0(1495\u20131498)<em>.\u00a0<\/em>A copy produced by\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/artuk.org\/discover\/artists\/giampietrino-active-15001550\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Giampietrino<\/a>\u00a0in the Royal Academy of Arts, London, witnesses the disciples recoil in disgust and question each other upon hearing that one of them would betray Jesus, while Judas stealthily reaches for a plate of silver.<\/p>\n<p>More <a href=\"https:\/\/artuk.org\/discover\/stories\/setting-the-table-depictions-of-christs-last-supper\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Enjoying the content on 3QD? Help keep us going by <a href=\"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/support-3qd\">donating now<\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Emma Cieslik in\u00a0Art UK: The Last Supper is usually depicted in one of four scenes \u2013 the Betrayal (Jesus announcing that someone would betray him), the Eucharist (Jesus consecrating the Eucharist in front of his apostles), the Foot Washing, and Farewell. The Betrayal is the most common and well known from\u00a0Leonardo da Vinci&#8217;s\u00a0Last Supper\u00a0(1495\u20131498).\u00a0A copy&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":37,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"pmpro_default_level":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[5918],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-310680","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-recommended-reading","pmpro-has-access"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/310680","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/37"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=310680"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/310680\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":310684,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/310680\/revisions\/310684"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=310680"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=310680"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=310680"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":310649,"date":"2026-08-31T12:45:35","date_gmt":"2026-08-31T16:45:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/?p=310649"},"modified":"2026-08-31T04:54:01","modified_gmt":"2026-08-31T08:54:01","slug":"will-improving-uncertainty-be-one-of-the-ways-of-improving-ai","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/3quarksdaily\/2026\/08\/will-improving-uncertainty-be-one-of-the-ways-of-improving-ai.html","title":{"rendered":"Will improving uncertainty be one of the ways of improving AI?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"YouTube video player\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/tBjgCj_dGZM?si=pWZ-u_m5MbBDou6z\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><span data-mce-type=\"bookmark\" style=\"display: inline-block; width: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 0;\" class=\"mce_SELRES_start\">\ufeff<\/span><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><strong>Enjoying the content on 3QD? Help keep us going by <a href=\"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/support-3qd\">donating now<\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\ufeff Enjoying the content on 3QD? Help keep us going by donating now.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":34,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"pmpro_default_level":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[5918],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-310649","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-recommended-reading","pmpro-has-access"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/310649","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/34"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=310649"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/310649\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":310651,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/310649\/revisions\/310651"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=310649"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=310649"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=310649"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":310645,"date":"2026-08-31T11:45:15","date_gmt":"2026-08-31T15:45:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/?p=310645"},"modified":"2026-08-31T04:50:25","modified_gmt":"2026-08-31T08:50:25","slug":"the-historical-origins-and-geographic-scope-of-the-trump-regimes-deportation-agenda","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/3quarksdaily\/2026\/08\/the-historical-origins-and-geographic-scope-of-the-trump-regimes-deportation-agenda.html","title":{"rendered":"The historical origins and geographic scope of the Trump regime\u2019s deportation agenda"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Ashley Dawson at the <em>Los Angeles Review of Books<\/em>:<\/p>\n<p class=\"styles_text__Q5ZIK text styles_article__7yRui styles_body__LwT3a\" style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-310646\" src=\"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/assets.lareviewofbooks-234x360.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"234\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/assets.lareviewofbooks-234x360.png 234w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/assets.lareviewofbooks-664x1024.png 664w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/assets.lareviewofbooks-768x1184.png 768w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/assets.lareviewofbooks-195x300.png 195w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/assets.lareviewofbooks.png 973w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 234px) 100vw, 234px\" \/>Another person died in an ICE detention center. On Saturday, August 1, <a class=\"styles_article__7yRui styles_body__LwT3a\" href=\"https:\/\/abc7ny.com\/post\/delaney-hall-migrant-death-family-39-year-old-man-died-newark-immigration-center-demands-justice\/19624430\/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\">Edwin Lopez-Cornejo,<\/a>\u00a0a 41-year-old Salvadoran immigrant, was pronounced dead by medical workers at University Hospital in Newark, New Jersey, after being transported there from the Delaney Hall Detention Facility, which operates on behalf of US Immigration and Customs Enforcement. Lopez-Cornejo is the second Delaney Hall detainee to die in the past eight months. The conditions there are deplorable but not exceptional.<\/p>\n<p class=\"styles_text__Q5ZIK text styles_article__7yRui styles_body__LwT3a\" style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Detention facilities like the one where Lopez-Cornejo was caged are linchpins of contemporary white supremacy. Having gained control of state power in large part by stoking fears about a\u00a0<a class=\"styles_article__7yRui styles_body__LwT3a\" href=\"https:\/\/lareviewofbooks.org\/article\/the-leprosy-of-the-soul-in-our-time-on-the-european-origins-of-the-great-replacement-theory\/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\">\u201cGreat Replacement\u201d<\/a>\u00a0of the nation\u2019s white majority by people of color, white supremacists in the United States are now setting about fulfilling their promise to restore the nation by massively amplifying their effort to purge the country of \u201cillegal aliens.\u201d<\/p>\n<p class=\"styles_text__Q5ZIK text styles_article__7yRui styles_body__LwT3a\" style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">The crackdown on those deemed alien is not, in other words, simply about fulfilling Donald Trump\u2019s pledge to secure the border. To purify the nation, the Trump regime needs a massive network of interdiction, detention, and deportation. It may seem an ironic predicament given the Right\u2019s long aversion to state bureaucracy. But this isn\u2019t about expanding the redistributive wing of the state\u2014it\u2019s about building a vast paramilitary apparatus to surveil every aspect of life across the nation.<\/p>\n<p>More <a href=\"https:\/\/lareviewofbooks.org\/article\/john-washington-how-close-camp-ice-detention-resistance\/?utm_source=Los%20Angeles%20Review%20of%20Books%20Subscribers&amp;utm_campaign=2a01426540-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2026_08_26_11_40&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_term=0_-2a01426540-345767909&amp;mc_cid=2a01426540&amp;mc_eid=c4d8566ef3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Enjoying the content on 3QD? Help keep us going by <a href=\"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/support-3qd\">donating now<\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ashley Dawson at the Los Angeles Review of Books: Another person died in an ICE detention center. On Saturday, August 1, Edwin Lopez-Cornejo,\u00a0a 41-year-old Salvadoran immigrant, was pronounced dead by medical workers at University Hospital in Newark, New Jersey, after being transported there from the Delaney Hall Detention Facility, which operates on behalf of US&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":34,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"pmpro_default_level":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[5918],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-310645","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-recommended-reading","pmpro-has-access"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/310645","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/34"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=310645"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/310645\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":310648,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/310645\/revisions\/310648"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=310645"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=310645"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=310645"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":310676,"date":"2026-08-31T11:13:33","date_gmt":"2026-08-31T15:13:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/?p=310676"},"modified":"2026-08-31T11:13:33","modified_gmt":"2026-08-31T15:13:33","slug":"orbital-alchemy-dreams-of-manufacturing-drugs-and-tissues-in-orbit","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/3quarksdaily\/2026\/08\/orbital-alchemy-dreams-of-manufacturing-drugs-and-tissues-in-orbit.html","title":{"rendered":"Orbital alchemy: dreams of manufacturing drugs and tissues in orbit"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Michael Greshko in <em>Science:<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"has-dropcap\" style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-310677 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/20260827_nf_biomanufacturing_ritonavir-360x271.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"360\" height=\"271\" srcset=\"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/20260827_nf_biomanufacturing_ritonavir-360x271.jpg 360w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/20260827_nf_biomanufacturing_ritonavir-1024x770.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/20260827_nf_biomanufacturing_ritonavir-768x578.jpg 768w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/20260827_nf_biomanufacturing_ritonavir-300x226.jpg 300w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/20260827_nf_biomanufacturing_ritonavir.jpg 1400w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 360px) 100vw, 360px\" \/>For nearly a century, this coastal Los Angeles suburb has been the beating heart of the U.S. aerospace industry. During World War II, factories here cranked out bombers for the Pacific theater. Later came generations of air- and spacecraft built by giants such as Hughes and Northrop. Today, dozens of aerospace and technology startups share the neighborhood with SpaceX, just down the road in Hawthorne.\u00a0At a pizza-and-beer lunch joint, conversations buzz with talk of supply chains for spacecraft components. When the fog rolls in, the low-slung warehouses seem to dissolve into the clouds\u2014as if the neighborhood itself were preparing for launch.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">On a Monday night in May, in a nondescript building along El Segundo\u2019s eastern edge, about 50 engineers with Varda Space Industries gathered to witness not a launch, but a homecoming. They ate cold pizza and played Settlers of Catan as they watched a livestream, waiting for word on a spacecraft\u2019s status. Inside a smaller mission control room, eight desks faced a wall of TV screens streaming information from the spacecraft, which was plummeting to Earth half a world away above the Australian outback. The robotic capsule, roughly the size of a washing machine, was preparing for a fiery plunge through the atmosphere before a planned parachute landing in the desert.<\/p>\n<p>More <a href=\"http:\/\/For nearly a century, this coastal Los Angeles suburb has been the beating heart of the U.S. aerospace industry. During World War II, factories here cranked out bombers for the Pacific theater. Later came generations of air- and spacecraft built by giants such as Hughes and Northrop. Today, dozens of aerospace and technology startups share the neighborhood with SpaceX, just down the road in Hawthorne.  At a pizza-and-beer lunch joint, conversations buzz with talk of supply chains for spacecraft components. When the fog rolls in, the low-slung warehouses seem to dissolve into the clouds\u2014as if the neighborhood itself were preparing for launch.  On a Monday night in May, in a nondescript building along El Segundo\u2019s eastern edge, about 50 engineers with Varda Space Industries gathered to witness not a launch, but a homecoming. They ate cold pizza and played Settlers of Catan as they watched a livestream, waiting for word on a spacecraft\u2019s status. Inside a smaller mission control room, eight desks faced a wall of TV screens streaming information from the spacecraft, which was plummeting to Earth half a world away above the Australian outback. The robotic capsule, roughly the size of a washing machine, was preparing for a fiery plunge through the atmosphere before a planned parachute landing in the desert.  Nicholas Cialdella, Varda\u2019s chief technology officer, adjusted his Apple Watch, knowing his pulse would quicken. At 10:59 p.m., the show began. Screaming toward Earth at about 31,000 kilometers per hour, the capsule awoke and separated from the satellite that had shepherded it through orbit, an update it passed along via GPS and radio pings. Cheers went up 17 minutes later, when the capsule\u2019s first parachute deployed exactly on time. But then the telemetry stream from the capsule slowed to a trickle. \u201cGive me another data point,\u201d one cursing engineer muttered.\">here<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Enjoying the content on 3QD? Help keep us going by <a href=\"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/support-3qd\">donating now<\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Michael Greshko in Science: For nearly a century, this coastal Los Angeles suburb has been the beating heart of the U.S. aerospace industry. During World War II, factories here cranked out bombers for the Pacific theater. Later came generations of air- and spacecraft built by giants such as Hughes and Northrop. Today, dozens of aerospace&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":37,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"pmpro_default_level":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[5918],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-310676","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-recommended-reading","pmpro-has-access"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/310676","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/37"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=310676"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/310676\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":310679,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/310676\/revisions\/310679"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=310676"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=310676"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=310676"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":310618,"date":"2026-08-31T10:19:00","date_gmt":"2026-08-31T14:19:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/?p=310618"},"modified":"2026-08-31T02:19:43","modified_gmt":"2026-08-31T06:19:43","slug":"giacometti-in-the-temple-of-dendur","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/3quarksdaily\/2026\/08\/giacometti-in-the-temple-of-dendur.html","title":{"rendered":"Giacometti in the Temple of Dendur"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Curator Talk\u2014Giacometti in the Temple of Dendur\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/4__QH_qvuxM?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><strong>Enjoying the content on 3QD? Help keep us going by <a href=\"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/support-3qd\">donating now<\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Enjoying the content on 3QD? Help keep us going by donating now.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":38,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"pmpro_default_level":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[5918],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-310618","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-recommended-reading","pmpro-has-access"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/310618","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/38"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=310618"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/310618\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":310619,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/310618\/revisions\/310619"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=310618"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=310618"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=310618"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":310614,"date":"2026-08-31T08:11:16","date_gmt":"2026-08-31T12:11:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/?p=310614"},"modified":"2026-08-31T02:13:53","modified_gmt":"2026-08-31T06:13:53","slug":"francisco-de-zurbaran","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/3quarksdaily\/2026\/08\/francisco-de-zurbaran.html","title":{"rendered":"Francisco de Zurbar\u00e1n"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Bartolomeo Sala at <em>The Brooklyn Rail<\/em>:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-310615 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Zurbaran_-_San_Francisco_en_oracion_1659-277x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"277\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Zurbaran_-_San_Francisco_en_oracion_1659-277x360.jpg 277w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Zurbaran_-_San_Francisco_en_oracion_1659-788x1024.jpg 788w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Zurbaran_-_San_Francisco_en_oracion_1659-768x998.jpg 768w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Zurbaran_-_San_Francisco_en_oracion_1659-1182x1536.jpg 1182w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Zurbaran_-_San_Francisco_en_oracion_1659-231x300.jpg 231w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Zurbaran_-_San_Francisco_en_oracion_1659.jpg 1477w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 277px) 100vw, 277px\" \/>What makes Zurbar\u00e1n\u2019s art compelling is the co-presence of these two distinct, almost mutually exclusive impulses. Here, sacred and profane don\u2019t exactly exist side by side; rather, the latter is used as the manifestation of the former, a means to intensify its spiritual truth. That\u2019s why, even when Zurbar\u00e1n\u2019s subject matter seems symptomatic of a retrograde theology very much at odds with more contemporary secular sensibilities, we can\u2019t help but be enthralled by the way the painter renders it.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">For a case in point, look no further than the exhibition\u2019s first gallery, and the first of Zurbar\u00e1n\u2019s many crucifixions.\u00a0<em>The Crucifixion<\/em>\u00a0(1627) is flanked on opposite sides of the room by\u00a0<em>The Apparition of Saint Peter to Saint Peter Nolasco<\/em>\u00a0(1629) and\u00a0<em>Saint Serapion<\/em> (1628), both of which similarly communicate holiness by contaminating it with elements of all-too-human pathos. Similarly, the crucifixion between them depicts Jesus not as an abstract entity, but as a man of flesh and blood exquisitely staged against a pitch-black background, his muscles tensed by the suffering he is experiencing.<\/p>\n<p>more <a href=\"https:\/\/brooklynrail.org\/2026\/07\/artseen\/francisco-de-zurbaran\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Enjoying the content on 3QD? Help keep us going by <a href=\"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/support-3qd\">donating now<\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Bartolomeo Sala at The Brooklyn Rail: What makes Zurbar\u00e1n\u2019s art compelling is the co-presence of these two distinct, almost mutually exclusive impulses. Here, sacred and profane don\u2019t exactly exist side by side; rather, the latter is used as the manifestation of the former, a means to intensify its spiritual truth. That\u2019s why, even when Zurbar\u00e1n\u2019s&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":38,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"pmpro_default_level":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[5918],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-310614","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-recommended-reading","pmpro-has-access"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/310614","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/38"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=310614"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/310614\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":310617,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/310614\/revisions\/310617"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=310614"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=310614"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=310614"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":310610,"date":"2026-08-31T07:54:47","date_gmt":"2026-08-31T11:54:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/?p=310610"},"modified":"2026-08-31T02:07:58","modified_gmt":"2026-08-31T06:07:58","slug":"who-is-the-samurai","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/3quarksdaily\/2026\/08\/who-is-the-samurai.html","title":{"rendered":"Who Is the Samurai?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Jessa Crispin at <em>The American Scholar<\/em>:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-310611 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/images-23.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"189\" height=\"267\" \/>Arguments about the way history (or ancient literature) is depicted in entertainment can get surprisingly heated, as recent controversies over the casting, the costuming, and the characterization in Christopher Nolan\u2019s adaptation of\u00a0<em>The Odyssey<\/em>\u00a0prove. But what many people fail to understand is that the past itself is an uncanny place. We look backward to tell us something about now, but the act of looking distorts both the past and our own sense of self. As William James\u2019s observed, when we remember a moment from our past, what our brain is producing is a memory of the last time we remembered that moment. It\u2019s a copy of a copy. Each callback creates a new copy that overwrites the original, distorting the distortion.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">Kiyoshi Kurosawa\u2019s\u00a0<em>The Samurai and the Prisoner\u00a0<\/em>is an attempt to fill in a historical blank. We open in 1578 during Oda Nobunaga\u2019s campaign to unify Japan. Araki Murashige, one of Nobunaga\u2019s former allies, refuses to join him. A messenger arrives at Murashige\u2019s castle to warn him that he has chosen the wrong side: if he doesn\u2019t join, his kingdom will be destroyed.<\/p>\n<p>more <a href=\"https:\/\/theamericanscholar.org\/who-is-the-samurai-and-who-is-the-prisoner\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Enjoying the content on 3QD? Help keep us going by <a href=\"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/support-3qd\">donating now<\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Jessa Crispin at The American Scholar: Arguments about the way history (or ancient literature) is depicted in entertainment can get surprisingly heated, as recent controversies over the casting, the costuming, and the characterization in Christopher Nolan\u2019s adaptation of\u00a0The Odyssey\u00a0prove. But what many people fail to understand is that the past itself is an uncanny place.&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":38,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"pmpro_default_level":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[5918],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-310610","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-recommended-reading","pmpro-has-access"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/310610","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/38"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=310610"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/310610\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":310613,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/310610\/revisions\/310613"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=310610"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=310610"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=310610"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":310514,"date":"2026-08-31T06:00:56","date_gmt":"2026-08-31T10:00:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/?p=310514"},"modified":"2026-08-31T02:55:27","modified_gmt":"2026-08-31T06:55:27","slug":"is-implanted-knowledge-knowledge","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/3quarksdaily\/2026\/08\/is-implanted-knowledge-knowledge.html","title":{"rendered":"Is Implanted \u201cKnowledge\u201d Knowledge?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>by Tim Sommers<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-310515 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/implanted-know-360x196.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"360\" height=\"196\" srcset=\"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/implanted-know-360x196.png 360w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/implanted-know-1024x559.png 1024w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/implanted-know-768x419.png 768w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/implanted-know-300x164.png 300w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/implanted-know.png 1408w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 360px) 100vw, 360px\" \/><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>In 2013, a team of researchers at MIT successfully implanted a false memory in mice of being shocked and then \u201creactivated\u201d that implanted memory. As a result, the mice responded to fear conditioning without actually being shocked.<\/p>\n<p>In 2018, working with epilepsy patients, <a href=\"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/aaaed7\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a team of researchers at USC<\/a> recorded the firing patterns as memories were encoded, built a model of how the hippocampus transforms input patterns into output patterns, and then stimulated the model to predict &#8220;correct&#8221; patterns. Reportedly, they improved memory performance in patients by 34\u201337%.<\/p>\n<p>Of course, real-life trials are well behind fiction. In William Gibson\u2019s seminal cyberpunk novel <a href=\"https:\/\/mbh4h.substack.com\/p\/neuromancer-2025-review-william-gibson\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Neuromancer <\/em><\/a>small chips called &#8220;microsofts&#8221; can be slotted into a socket behind your ear and give you instant fluency in a language or a technical skill. Going all the way back to 1932, Aldous Huxley\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/dn790000.ca.archive.org\/0\/items\/BraveNewWorld-and-BraveNewWorldRevisited\/Brave-New-World_-_Aldous-Huxley.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Brave New World<\/em><\/a>, featured \u201csleep-teaching drills\u201d that program citizens to have the correct beliefs about the state. It&#8217;s conditioning through the ears while unconscious, not writing to the brain directly, but still&#8230;<\/p>\n<p>Will we ever be able to download knowledge directly into a human brain the way we download software into a computer? At this point, this seems not only conceptually possible, but empirically likely.<\/p>\n<p>But I am a philosopher, not a neuroscientist, and I want to look at the epistemological questions this possibility raises, rather than its feasibility. Despite its science-fictionyness, there\u2019s a whole line of thought experiments related to the question of whether or not implanted or installed knowledge can really be knowledge. Let\u2019s go there. Be warned, however, we are going deeper into the weeds than we normally do.<!--more--><\/p>\n<p>Let&#8217;s start with Alvin Plantinga&#8217;s brain lesion. I mean, brain lesion example. What if there were a type of <a href=\"https:\/\/global.oup.com\/academic\/product\/warrant-9780195078626?cc=us&amp;lang=en&amp;\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">brain lesion<\/a> that, among other things, caused its victims to believe that they have a brain lesion? Such a lesion, let\u2019s imagine, always results in the victim believing they have a brain lesion. Yet, almost no philosopher thinks that the victims in these cases <em>know<\/em> that they have a brain lesion. If knowledge is, as most epistemologists think, justified true belief, we could describe what goes wrong here as the true belief that they have a brain lesion is not justified, or justified in the right way, to count as knowledge. The brain lesion is damage, a source of malfunction. The weird coincidence that the lesion makes you think you have a brain lesion is more akin to a hallucination than knowledge. Reliabilists are epistemologists who say that what justifies true beliefs is the operation of some reliable process. So, in the lesion case, the true belief is not knowledge because it results from pathology rather than a properly functioning process.<\/p>\n<p>But imagine undergoing a procedure marketed as \u201cdirect learning.\u201d A device maps the neural realization of belief content and installs new, well-established, and coherent beliefs directly into your brain. Expert teams curate the provider\u2019s catalog and update it continuously. Its error rate is lower than that of any university course. You might select the module \u201cBiochemistry I\u201d and wake an hour later with several thousand new, true propositions about biochemistry available to you. The beliefs are stable, mutually integrated, and integrated with your prior beliefs. You can deploy them fluently in reasoning and action.<\/p>\n<p>On the other hand, you have seen no evidence for these beliefs, have performed no experiments, have read no textbook, and heard no lecture or testimony of any sort. If someone asks you how you know that the citric acid cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix, about all you can say is, \u201cI did the module.\u201d The question is, if the process is sufficiently reliable, isn\u2019t it, in fact, a new and somewhat exotic, but quite reasonable, way of gaining knowledge?<\/p>\n<p>Consider \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/BONETO\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">BonJour\u2019s case<\/a>\u201d of a clairvoyant named Norman. His clairvoyance is perfectly reliable, but he has no evidence that he possesses it and no other grounds for the beliefs that result from it. And yet he does believe them. And they are all true. This seems like a clear case where the beliefs he forms clairvoyantly are clearly not like knowledge.<\/p>\n<p>Even if that is true, the installation case is not like the BonJour case. It\u2019s not based on a mysterious power whose reliability is opaque, not just to him, but even to readers. The installation process\u2019s reliability is publicly documented and, indeed, known to its beneficiaries.<\/p>\n<p>Consider instead <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/LEHTOK\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lehrer\u2019s Truetemp<\/a>, a character who has had (without his knowledge) a pin-sized device installed in his scalp that transmits temperature readings to his brain and makes him think about the temperature constantly. Does he always <em>know<\/em> the temperature?<\/p>\n<p>Since he did not undergo the implantation voluntarily, is unaware of the process, and has not endorsed it, he is, at a minimum, alienated from this process of belief formation. We might think that he doesn\u2019t really know the temperature, even if he can report it accurately.<\/p>\n<p>But people who undergo the installation process for knowledge are not alienated from belief formation the way Truetemp is. In fact, they signed up for it.<\/p>\n<p>Finally, <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/GETIJT-4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gettier-style<\/a> cases raise issues. Gettier attacked the idea that knowledge is justified true belief, raising a whole new type of problem with it. Suppose, for example, you had a light blue Cali Classic scooter parked outside your back door, but unbeknownst to you, it had been stolen. But also, unbeknownst to you, you won a contest, and the sponsors dropped off your prize, a new light blue Cali Classic scooter, out back. If you tell someone, &#8220;Yeah, I have a light blue scooter around back,&#8221; this is true, you believe it, and here\u2019s where it gets weird: it&#8217;s justified. Sort of. Another has replaced one scooter fitting that description, but you seem, belief-wise, to be tracking the wrong thing, justification-wise. And yet you do have a justified true belief that your scooter is out there waiting for you.<\/p>\n<p>It doesn\u2019t matter, though. Unlike Gettier cases, nothing about the etiology of the beliefs of people who have had them implanted involves luck, accident, or inference through falsehood.<\/p>\n<p>The point of all these examples, you see, is to strip away the usual ways of dismissing implanted beliefs. Our hypothetical subject&#8217;s reasoning about her beliefs is not hostage to luck or accident. She knows the source of the belief and has reason to believe it is reliable. If there is something epistemically deficient about her knowledge state, it lies elsewhere than in these traditional hypotheticals. In fact, I will argue that it lies in the relation between the subject and her beliefs, and not in the beliefs\u2019 content or structure or genealogy.<\/p>\n<p>To be clear, it seems clear that implanted beliefs are not necessarily irrational or unfit to act upon. Indeed, I don\u2019t deny that we might be better off having them and using them. But I still want to know if we <em>know<\/em> the beliefs we have implanted. Next time, I\u2019ll propose what I think is a novel approach to saying why implanted beliefs don\u2019t initially constitute, but can become, knowledge. If that succeeds, then here\u2019s the real payoff: a new condition on knowledge that goes beyond justified true belief.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>by Tim Sommers In 2013, a team of researchers at MIT successfully implanted a false memory in mice of being shocked and then \u201creactivated\u201d that implanted memory. As a result, the mice responded to fear conditioning without actually being shocked. In 2018, working with epilepsy patients, a team of researchers at USC recorded the firing&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":604,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"pmpro_default_level":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[3260],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-310514","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-mondaymagazine","pmpro-has-access"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/310514","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/604"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=310514"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/310514\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":310624,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/310514\/revisions\/310624"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=310514"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=310514"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=310514"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":310387,"date":"2026-08-31T05:00:21","date_gmt":"2026-08-31T09:00:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/?p=310387"},"modified":"2026-08-31T02:52:08","modified_gmt":"2026-08-31T06:52:08","slug":"the-puppet-and-the-chatbot-unease-in-the-age-of-ai","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/3quarksdaily\/2026\/08\/the-puppet-and-the-chatbot-unease-in-the-age-of-ai.html","title":{"rendered":"The Puppet and the Chatbot: Unease in the age of AI"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>by Christopher Horner<\/strong><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_310390\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-310390\" style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-310390\" src=\"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Image-360x180.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Image-360x180.jpeg 360w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Image-1024x512.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Image-768x384.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Image-300x150.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Image.jpeg 1096w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-310390\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>Dead of Night (1945)<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>The Puppet<\/h2>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We are surrounded by things that act and speak as if they were human. \u2018Artificial intelligence\u2019 appears on our screens and in our ears, producing synthetic figures that mimic human form and behaviour. But simulacra provoke unease: are they becoming replicants, or perfect copies of us?<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When AI appears \u2018as human\u2019, it becomes a kind of generated body: a puppet, that has learned to talk. Such things have long fascinated and disturbed us. Their movements can seem smoother than those of a human body, as if grace had been purified of hesitation. Heinrich von Kleist\u2019s <em>On the Marionette Theatre<\/em> (1810) remains a classic meditation on this strange perfection. For Kleist, the puppet appears perfect because it is free of self-consciousness. It does not watch itself or wonder how it appears. It moves according to the invisible logic of its strings. This grace is beautiful, but it also raises the question that AI renews in another medium: what happens when something without inwardness begins to resemble us too closely?<\/p>\n<h2>The Speaking Machine<\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_310396\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-310396\" style=\"width: 360px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-310396 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Image-1-360x240.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"360\" height=\"240\" srcset=\"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Image-1-360x240.jpeg 360w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Image-1-1024x683.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Image-1-768x512.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Image-1-1536x1024.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Image-1-300x200.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Image-1.jpeg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 360px) 100vw, 360px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-310396\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>\u00a0Tales of Hoffman<\/em> (Metropolitan Opera)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Artificial intelligence renews this fascination in linguistic form. Instead of a wooden body imitating gesture, we encounter a verbal machine (and sometimes an image) imitating speech, reflection and personality. It writes \u201cI\u201d, apologises, remembers, explains and sometimes appears to confess. \u00a0The \u201cI\u201d appears in the sentence, but not in the place from which the sentence seems to speak, a kind of \u00a0subjectivity without a subject. Does uncanniness lie here, in Freud\u2019s sense of <em>das Unheimliche<\/em>: something unfamiliar yet disturbingly close? I suggest not. Rather than the uncanny, it&#8217;s a performance that generates <em>anxiety<\/em>.<!--more--><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The uncanny names the disturbance of resemblance: the almost-human, the familiar made strange. Anxiety begins when resemblance is joined to address, when the machine not only looks or sounds like us, but seems to speak from a place where a subject ought to be. Kleist\u2019s marionette fascinates because it escapes human inwardness. We lose grace when we become self-aware: the dancer who thinks too much about the pose ruins it, while the puppet has no vanity, embarrassment or divided relation to its body. Its perfection is the beauty of non-relation; it does not have to coincide with itself.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A human subject is different. To be a subject is to be divided: self-conscious, exposed to the other\u2019s gaze, and never fully in command of what one says. The subject slips, hesitates, dreams and says more than it intends. It desires; it has an unconscious. If, as Jacques Lacan says, the unconscious is \u2018structured like a language\u2019, then AI forces a sharper question: what kind of subjectivity appears when language speaks fluently without a desiring speaker? The issue isn\u2019t that of a \u00a0supposed inner life of AI, but what kind of illusion is produced when language performs the signs of inwardness without the structure of lack that makes subjectivity possible.<\/p>\n<h2><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-310393 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Image-5-360x240.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"360\" height=\"240\" srcset=\"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Image-5-360x240.jpeg 360w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Image-5-1024x683.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Image-5-768x512.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Image-5-300x200.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Image-5.jpeg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 360px) 100vw, 360px\" \/>The Subject<\/h2>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The (human) \u00a0subject is not simply something that speaks or writes, but something divided from itself. It does not fully know what it is doing; it says and does more than it means. Above all, it desires; it <em>lacks<\/em>. AI writing may have fluency, responsiveness and availability, but this is the performance of subjectivity: one that has neither lack nor excess. It can say, \u201cI think\u201d, \u201cI understand\u201d, or \u201cI want to help\u201d, but grammar is not subjectivity. Its \u201cI\u201d is a performance within the Symbolic, not the sign of a desiring subject.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-310392 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Image-6-360x203.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"360\" height=\"203\" srcset=\"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Image-6-360x203.jpeg 360w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Image-6-1024x576.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Image-6-768x432.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Image-6-1536x864.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Image-6-300x169.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Image-6.jpeg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 360px) 100vw, 360px\" \/>Human desire, repression and symptoms are articulated through signifiers. If AI has an \u201cunconscious\u201d, it is not its own; it is rather an archive of <em>ours<\/em>: our utterances, fantasies, prejudices, dreams and demands, processed and returned in altered form. AI does not dream, but it is made from the residues <em>of<\/em> human dreaming. And it causes <em>anxiety<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For Lacan, anxiety is an encounter with something of the Real: something that cannot be absorbed into familiar meaning. Anxiety is \u201cnot without an object\u201d. AI is troubling not because it is empty, but because it can seem to present an object where there should be lack. Its voice and responsiveness approach us as if they carried desire, yet no desiring subject can be located behind them. Anxiety arises when that which speaks or looks back at us <em>lacks<\/em> lack.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_310395\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-310395\" style=\"width: 236px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-310395 \" src=\"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Image-3-303x360.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"236\" height=\"280\" srcset=\"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Image-3-303x360.jpeg 303w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Image-3-252x300.jpeg 252w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Image-3.jpeg 510w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 236px) 100vw, 236px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-310395\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong><em>Blade Runner<\/em> (1982)<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>The Voice<\/h2>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">AI simulacra of persons can feel disturbing. A chatbot modelled on a dead writer, a synthetic voice imitating a loved one, or an avatar with a constant conversational \u201cI\u201d seems to promise survival without embodiment, personality without mortality, and speech without loss. Yet what returns is not the person but a marionette of signifiers. The dummy says \u201cI\u201d because language permits it. The effect can seduce, but the subject who would have suffered in the words is absent.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is the human subject, not the chatbot, that is truly uncanny. A human is not a polished automaton of expression, but a being divided by lack and desire; \u00a0marked by slips, symptoms, contradictions, attachments and repetitions. In Lacanian terms, desire circles an impossible object, <em>das Ding<\/em>, which can never be possessed directly but gives desire its force. This opaque kernel is not a hidden treasure inside the self; it is the self\u2019s non-coincidence with itself. You won\u2019t get that in a chatbot.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-310394 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Image-4-360x203.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"360\" height=\"203\" srcset=\"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Image-4-360x203.jpeg 360w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Image-4-300x169.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Image-4.jpeg 634w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 360px) 100vw, 360px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The \u00a0puppet is uncanny because it looks human without being divided, but AI provokes anxiety because it speaks like a subject without desiring. It has no secret life, no repressed wish, no wound, no anxiety, no forbidden object. Its mystery is our interpretation.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">AI shows us the autonomy of the Symbolic: language can move, combine, echo and perform before any full subject appears to occupy it. A \u00a0theatre of the signifier that fascinates not because the machine has become human, but because it exposes how much subjectivity depends on language, imitation and borrowed forms of address.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It has only the life we lend it, the fantasy we project into its gestures, and the symbolic machinery that returns our language. If the AI dummy seems to speak from nowhere, it speaks from everywhere: from accumulated human speech, from &#8216;the Other&#8217; which is everyone and no-one. Its strangeness is not a sign of a desiring subject, but the reflection of our divided one.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>by Christopher Horner The Puppet We are surrounded by things that act and speak as if they were human. \u2018Artificial intelligence\u2019 appears on our screens and in our ears, producing synthetic figures that mimic human form and behaviour. But simulacra provoke unease: are they becoming replicants, or perfect copies of us? When AI appears \u2018as&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":888,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"pmpro_default_level":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[3260],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-310387","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-mondaymagazine","pmpro-has-access"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/310387","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/888"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=310387"}],"version-history":[{"count":11,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/310387\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":310622,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/310387\/revisions\/310622"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=310387"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=310387"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=310387"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}]