[{"id":310358,"date":"2026-09-06T04:00:09","date_gmt":"2026-09-06T08:00:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/?p=310358"},"modified":"2026-08-31T04:03:43","modified_gmt":"2026-08-31T08:03:43","slug":"domination-subordination-dynamics-five-foundational-books-challenging-illegitimate-authority","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/3quarksdaily\/2026\/09\/domination-subordination-dynamics-five-foundational-books-challenging-illegitimate-authority.html","title":{"rendered":"Domination\/Subordination Dynamics: Five Foundational Books Challenging Illegitimate Authority"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>by <a href=\"https:\/\/robertwjensen.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Robert Jensen<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-310360 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Five-Foundational-Books-Challenging-Illegitimate-Authority-360x240.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"360\" height=\"240\" srcset=\"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Five-Foundational-Books-Challenging-Illegitimate-Authority-360x240.png 360w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Five-Foundational-Books-Challenging-Illegitimate-Authority-1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Five-Foundational-Books-Challenging-Illegitimate-Authority-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Five-Foundational-Books-Challenging-Illegitimate-Authority-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Five-Foundational-Books-Challenging-Illegitimate-Authority.png 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 360px) 100vw, 360px\" \/>Many of the books that shaped my work as a professor, author, and activist came into my life during my first two years of graduate school (1988-90), the most exciting period of concentrated learning I\u2019ve ever experienced. As I write in my new book, <a href=\"https:\/\/blueearbooks.com\/this-i-dont-believe\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>This I Don\u2019t Believe: A Fulfilling Life without Meaning<\/em><\/a><em>, <\/em>I got to grad school and quickly realized that I was \u201can undereducated person getting a second chance to learn\u201d:<\/p>\n<p>I didn\u2019t really start thinking\u2014in the sense of a disciplined process of trying to understand how the physical and social worlds work\u2014until I showed up for a Ph.D. program in mass communication at the University of Minnesota in 1988 when I was thirty years old. I had graduated from a perfectly respectable public high school and public college, and I had earned a professional MA at a perfectly respectable private university. I had spent a decade working at perfectly respectable newspapers, exposed to a wide range of public officials and ordinary people. In all those endeavors, I learned a lot about the world. But I had yet to think systematically about how the world works.<\/p>\n<p>Here are some of the things I\u2019ve learned and the books that were important to me at the beginning of that education.<\/p>\n<p><strong>What I learned about being male<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>Letters from a War Zone: Writings 1976-1987<\/em> by Andrea Dworkin (1988)<\/p>\n<p>In graduate school I studied freedom of expression, and at the time one of the key debates was over the radical feminist critique of pornography. Like many men, I assumed that the critique had to be crazy, because radical feminists were crazy, because \u2026 why? Because I had been socialized to be afraid of feminists. Reading Andrea Dworkin and other radical feminists made me realize that their movement was <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Mi5TG3E4rnE\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">not a threat to men but a gift<\/a>, offering us a way to resist the traps set for men by institutionalized male dominance (that is, patriarchy). <a href=\"https:\/\/nostatusquo.com\/ACLU\/dworkin\/WarZoneChaptIIIE.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u201cI Want a Twenty-Four-Hour Truce During Which There Is No Rape\u201d<\/a> in this volume may be the most influential essay I have ever read.<!--more--><\/p>\n<p>(For details, see my 2017 book, <a href=\"https:\/\/robertwjensen.org\/books\/the-end-of-patriarchy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>The End of Patriarchy: Radical Feminism for Men<\/em><\/a>, and my 2007 book, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/robertwjensen.org\/books\/getting-off\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Getting Off: Pornography and the End of Masculinity<\/a><\/em>.)<\/p>\n<p><strong>What I learned about being white<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>The Fire Next Time<\/em> by James Baldwin (1963)<\/p>\n<p>I was born in 1958 in North Dakota. It\u2019s hard to get any whiter, not just in ancestry but socialization. I gave no thought to power dynamics until I went to college, but even then it was easy to ignore racial realities. That started to change when I dropped out of college for a year in the late 1970s and took a low-level clerk job in a government office in Washington, DC. For the first time, I was in a multi-racial setting and worked with black people, which forced me to re-evaluate the stereotypes I had unconsciously internalized. But it was James Baldwin who finally knocked (rhetorically) some sense into me a decade later. Baldwin\u2019s writings from the early 1960s not only opened my eyes to black experience but also to how racism distorts white people\u2019s perceptions of ourselves.<\/p>\n<p>(For details, see my 2005 book, <a href=\"https:\/\/robertwjensen.org\/books\/the-heart-of-whiteness\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>The Heart of Whiteness: Confronting Race, Racism and White Privilege<\/em><\/a>.)<\/p>\n<p><strong>What I learned about living in an imperial state<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>The Chomsky Reader<\/em> by Noam Chomsky, edited by James Peck (1987)<\/p>\n<p>When I got to my graduate program, everyone was discussing the <a href=\"https:\/\/chomsky.info\/consent01\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">propaganda model<\/a> developed by Edward Herman and Noam Chomsky, which changed the way I understood mass media and my own short career in newspaper journalism. I picked up <em>The Chomsky Reader<\/em> and realized that I had much more to learn from him. I took his essay <a href=\"https:\/\/chomsky.info\/19670223\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u201cThe Responsibilities of Intellectuals\u201d<\/a> to heart, and his critique of U.S. foreign policy and militarism shaped my decisions about how to engage politically for two decades.<\/p>\n<p>(For details, see my 2004 book, <a href=\"https:\/\/robertwjensen.org\/books\/citizens-of-the-empire\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Citizens of the Empire: The Struggle to Claim Our Humanity<\/em><\/a>.)<\/p>\n<p><strong>What I learned about living in a capitalist society<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>The Great Transformation <\/em>by Karl Polanyi (1944)<\/p>\n<p>I had only a vague understanding of the Marxist critique of capitalism and knew I had to get up to speed. Unfortunately, a lot of Marxist literature was, and still is, didactic and\/or boring. But I found a groove with Karl Polanyi, a critic of capitalism but not a dogmatic Marxist. I started to grasp the implications of the commodification of land and labor, and after reading his work I would never again use the term free market without scare quotes around \u201cfree.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>(For details, see my 2013 book, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/robertwjensen.org\/books\/arguing-for-our-lives\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Arguing for Our Lives: A User\u2019s Guide to Constructive Dialog<\/a>.)<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>What I learned about ecological crises<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>New Roots for Agriculture<\/em> by Wes Jackson (1980)<\/p>\n<p>I always thought of myself as an environmentalist, but Wes Jackson\u2019s book on <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.mpr.org\/stories\/1988\/12\/30\/wes-jackson-the-problem-of-agriculture-vs-problems-in-agriculture-life-in-a-fallen-world\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u201cthe problem <em>of <\/em>agriculture\u201d<\/a> deepened my ecological understanding. Going back 10,000 years to the destruction unleashed by annual grain agriculture, Jackson showed how our ecological crises started long before the Industrial Revolution and fossil fuels. His analysis of how well-meaning people have abetted that destruction expanded my analysis of culprits\u2014no longer could I blame it all on greedy CEOs and corrupt politicians. <a href=\"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/3quarksdaily\/2026\/02\/wes-jackson-a-misfit-trying-to-change-the-future-of-farming.html\">Jackson<\/a> brought intellectual depth to the famous line from Pogo, \u201cWe have met the enemy and he is us.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>(For details, see my 2022 book written with Jackson, <a href=\"https:\/\/robertwjensen.org\/books\/an-inconvenient-apocalypse\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>An Inconvenient Apocalypse: Environmental Collapse, Climate Crisis, and the Fate of Humanity<\/em><\/a>.)<\/p>\n<p>For almost four decades, my work has focused on these five topics. How does human nature play out in today\u2019s social structures to produce domination\/subordination dynamics in <a href=\"https:\/\/robertwjensen.org\/topics\/sexuality\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sex\/gender<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/robertwjensen.org\/topics\/race\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">race<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/robertwjensen.org\/topics\/foreign-policy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">global affairs<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/robertwjensen.org\/topics\/economic-justice\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">economics<\/a>, and the <a href=\"https:\/\/robertwjensen.org\/topics\/ecology\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">human exploitation of the larger living world<\/a>? These books didn\u2019t offer neat, tidy, paint-by-number answers but laid out analytic frameworks that guided my choices about how to teach, what to write, and where to direct my activist energy.<\/p>\n<p>One last important aspect of this reading: All these books were recommended to me by my late friend <a href=\"https:\/\/robertwjensen.org\/category\/jim-koplin\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jim Koplin<\/a>, whom I met in the first month of my graduate program. He had been a psychology professor until he retired early and dedicated his life to political resistance, community organizing, and urban gardening. From 1988 to his death in 2012 at age 79, Jim was my <a href=\"https:\/\/robertwjensen.org\/books\/plain-radical\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">best friend and intellectual partner<\/a>. He was 25 years older, and I benefited from his wisdom and experience. Jim shows up by name in several sections of <em>This I Don\u2019t Believe<\/em>, but his influence is in every sentence.<\/p>\n<p>As I\u2019ve said many times, I don\u2019t know who I would be if I hadn\u2019t met Jim Koplin, but I am pretty sure I wouldn\u2019t be the person I am today.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>by Robert Jensen Many of the books that shaped my work as a professor, author, and activist came into my life during my first two years of graduate school (1988-90), the most exciting period of concentrated learning I\u2019ve ever experienced. As I write in my new book, This I Don\u2019t Believe: A Fulfilling Life without&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1743,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"pmpro_default_level":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[3260],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-310358","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-mondaymagazine","pmpro-has-access"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/310358","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1743"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=310358"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/310358\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":310644,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/310358\/revisions\/310644"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=310358"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=310358"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=310358"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":310877,"date":"2026-09-04T14:45:13","date_gmt":"2026-09-04T18:45:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/?p=310877"},"modified":"2026-09-04T09:50:14","modified_gmt":"2026-09-04T13:50:14","slug":"jeff-jarvis-on-mark-twain-americas-first-celebrity-author-and-publisher","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/3quarksdaily\/2026\/09\/jeff-jarvis-on-mark-twain-americas-first-celebrity-author-and-publisher.html","title":{"rendered":"Jeff Jarvis on Mark Twain, America\u2019s First Celebrity Author and Publisher"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Jeff Jarvis at <em>Literary Hub<\/em>:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-310878\" src=\"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Screenshot-2026-09-04-154925-308x360.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"308\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Screenshot-2026-09-04-154925-308x360.png 308w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Screenshot-2026-09-04-154925-768x899.png 768w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Screenshot-2026-09-04-154925-256x300.png 256w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Screenshot-2026-09-04-154925.png 775w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 308px) 100vw, 308px\" \/>In the history of the invention of the typesetting machine and the consequent birth of mass media, Mark Twain is the Zelig of our tale, returning frequently as a typesetter in his brother\u2019s ratty newspaper; as a tramp printer witnessing an explosion of progress in printing technology; as the bankrupted investor in the failed Paige Compositor, a competitor to the successful Linotype; as an early best-selling author and cultural celebrity; and as a publisher trying to invent a business model for books as an industry.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Now that their machinery could produce volume, publishers needed ways to sell at scale, to build the modern phenomenon of the best-seller. The problem: In 1859, only 1,090 bookstores dotted America. By 1914, there were still only 3,501. So if readers couldn\u2019t find books, books had to find their readers. For certain authors and publishers, including Twain, that was accomplished through subscription publishing, with door-to-door canvassers taking orders for books before they were printed. Until the end of the nineteenth century, three quarters of books in the U.S. were sold this way.<\/p>\n<p>More <a href=\"https:\/\/lithub.com\/jeff-jarvis-on-mark-twain-americas-first-celebrity-author-and-publisher\/?utm_source=Klaviyo&amp;utm_medium=campaign&amp;utm_id=01M14XF88HRS8NFSS2ARQJ90TT&amp;_kx=ewxKODj338PGR1sCGtL32p9XnFp_DqW3vJdXQrqQkyzfz-_bBde44HsGkMwH8i6L.U5D8ER\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Enjoying the content on 3QD? Help keep us going by <a href=\"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/support-3qd\">donating now<\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Jeff Jarvis at Literary Hub: In the history of the invention of the typesetting machine and the consequent birth of mass media, Mark Twain is the Zelig of our tale, returning frequently as a typesetter in his brother\u2019s ratty newspaper; as a tramp printer witnessing an explosion of progress in printing technology; as the bankrupted&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":34,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"pmpro_default_level":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[5918],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-310877","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-recommended-reading","pmpro-has-access"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/310877","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/34"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=310877"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/310877\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":310880,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/310877\/revisions\/310880"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=310877"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=310877"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=310877"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":310873,"date":"2026-09-04T13:45:52","date_gmt":"2026-09-04T17:45:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/?p=310873"},"modified":"2026-09-04T09:43:59","modified_gmt":"2026-09-04T13:43:59","slug":"mits-ad-hoc-committee-on-ai-use-in-teaching-learning-and-research-training","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/3quarksdaily\/2026\/09\/mits-ad-hoc-committee-on-ai-use-in-teaching-learning-and-research-training.html","title":{"rendered":"MIT\u2019s Ad Hoc Committee on AI Use in Teaching, Learning, and Research Training"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>From the <em>MIT<\/em> website:<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-310874\" src=\"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/MIT_Seal.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"316\" height=\"315\" srcset=\"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/MIT_Seal.png 316w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/MIT_Seal-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/MIT_Seal-300x300.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 316px) 100vw, 316px\" \/>This report is a call to action.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Through five intense months of meetings, research, and outreach across the MIT community, the Ad Hoc Committee on AI Use in Teaching, Learning, and Research Training sought to understand the role of generative AI in the life and educational mission of the Institute and recommend how to navigate its challenges and opportunities.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">In January 2026, Chancellor Melissa Nobles, Provost Anantha Chandrakasan, and Faculty Chair Roger Levy charged us<sup class=\"fn\" data-fn=\"127e5c6b-327e-4d2e-9ccb-798c712409d8\"><a id=\"127e5c6b-327e-4d2e-9ccb-798c712409d8-link\" href=\"https:\/\/aiandeducation.mit.edu\/report\/#127e5c6b-327e-4d2e-9ccb-798c712409d8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">1<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0specifically to:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Assess current AI use at MIT.<\/li>\n<li>Identify innovations in teaching and student assessment.<\/li>\n<li>Propose an AI use policy.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">However, what we learned as a group quickly convinced us that the Institute community, particularly the faculty, must tackle a set of deeper questions about the structure, meaning, and value of an MIT education in an era in which AI is one of several factors complicating the Institute\u2019s mission.<\/p>\n<p>More <a href=\"https:\/\/aiandeducation.mit.edu\/report\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Enjoying the content on 3QD? Help keep us going by <a href=\"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/support-3qd\">donating now<\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>From the MIT website: This report is a call to action. Through five intense months of meetings, research, and outreach across the MIT community, the Ad Hoc Committee on AI Use in Teaching, Learning, and Research Training sought to understand the role of generative AI in the life and educational mission of the Institute and&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":34,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"pmpro_default_level":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[5918],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-310873","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-recommended-reading","pmpro-has-access"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/310873","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/34"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=310873"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/310873\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":310876,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/310873\/revisions\/310876"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=310873"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=310873"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=310873"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":310869,"date":"2026-09-04T12:45:52","date_gmt":"2026-09-04T16:45:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/?p=310869"},"modified":"2026-09-04T09:36:58","modified_gmt":"2026-09-04T13:36:58","slug":"zanny-minton-beddoes-the-economists-editor-in-chief-interviews-yuval-noah-harari","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/3quarksdaily\/2026\/09\/zanny-minton-beddoes-the-economists-editor-in-chief-interviews-yuval-noah-harari.html","title":{"rendered":"Zanny Minton Beddoes, The Economist\u2019s editor-in-chief, interviews Yuval Noah Harari"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"YouTube video player\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/FNZhxTtOL-I?si=48c9-Z77keeUY1AU\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><span data-mce-type=\"bookmark\" style=\"display: inline-block; width: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 0;\" class=\"mce_SELRES_start\">\ufeff<\/span><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><strong>Enjoying the content on 3QD? Help keep us going by <a href=\"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/support-3qd\">donating now<\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\ufeff Enjoying the content on 3QD? Help keep us going by donating now.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":34,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"pmpro_default_level":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[5918],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-310869","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-recommended-reading","pmpro-has-access"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/310869","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/34"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=310869"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/310869\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":310871,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/310869\/revisions\/310871"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=310869"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=310869"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=310869"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":310866,"date":"2026-09-04T11:45:33","date_gmt":"2026-09-04T15:45:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/?p=310866"},"modified":"2026-09-04T09:32:15","modified_gmt":"2026-09-04T13:32:15","slug":"the-17-minutes-that-changed-america","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/3quarksdaily\/2026\/09\/the-17-minutes-that-changed-america.html","title":{"rendered":"The 17 minutes that changed America"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Garrett M. Graff at <em>National Geographic<\/em>:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-310867\" src=\"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/PAR117606_crop-241x360.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"241\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/PAR117606_crop-241x360.png 241w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/PAR117606_crop-686x1024.png 686w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/PAR117606_crop-768x1147.png 768w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/PAR117606_crop-1028x1536.png 1028w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/PAR117606_crop-1371x2048.png 1371w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/PAR117606_crop-201x300.png 201w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/PAR117606_crop-scaled.png 1714w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 241px) 100vw, 241px\" \/>On September 11, 2001, 17 minutes was the length of time from when American Airlines Flight 11 crashed into the North Tower of the World Trade Center, at\u00a0<span class=\"timestamp\">8:46 a.m.<\/span>, to when United Airlines Flight 175 entered the right-hand side of millions of TV screens, at\u00a0<span class=\"timestamp\">9:03 a.m.<\/span>, and plowed into the South Tower at nearly 600 miles an hour.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">I have spent a decade studying and researching 9\/11. I\u2019ve written a book and countless articles, produced a podcast series, and given hundreds of talks on how the events of that day permanently altered the course of this country. And along the way, I have become convinced that in those 17 minutes\u201416 minutes and 31 seconds, to be precise\u2014we can glimpse one America ending and a new one beginning. We can see the disappearance of the innocent optimism that defined our society in the postwar 20th century, of a nation that didn\u2019t yet know what it felt like to be under attack or how to wake up each day facing the possibility of one.<\/p>\n<p>More <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.com\/history\/graphics\/what-we-get-wrong-about-how-911-began?src=longreads&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_campaign=Newspack%20Newsletter%20%28259108%29&amp;utm_source=bd2ad42066&amp;utm_source=Longreads+Newsletters&amp;utm_campaign=c9fdda2c41-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2026_09_02_10_58&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_term=0_-c9fdda2c41-711089871&amp;mc_cid=c9fdda2c41&amp;mc_eid=52800c71ba\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Enjoying the content on 3QD? Help keep us going by <a href=\"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/support-3qd\">donating now<\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Garrett M. Graff at National Geographic: On September 11, 2001, 17 minutes was the length of time from when American Airlines Flight 11 crashed into the North Tower of the World Trade Center, at\u00a08:46 a.m., to when United Airlines Flight 175 entered the right-hand side of millions of TV screens, at\u00a09:03 a.m., and plowed into&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":34,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"pmpro_default_level":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[5918],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-310866","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-recommended-reading","pmpro-has-access"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/310866","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/34"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=310866"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/310866\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":310868,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/310866\/revisions\/310868"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=310866"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=310866"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=310866"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":310861,"date":"2026-09-04T08:21:01","date_gmt":"2026-09-04T12:21:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/?p=310861"},"modified":"2026-09-04T08:21:01","modified_gmt":"2026-09-04T12:21:01","slug":"gloria-steinem-brought-women-together-to-change-the-world","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/3quarksdaily\/2026\/09\/gloria-steinem-brought-women-together-to-change-the-world.html","title":{"rendered":"Gloria Steinem Brought Women Together to Change the World"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Meg Wolitzer in\u00a0<em>Time Magazine:<\/em><\/p>\n<div>\n<p class=\"rich-text mb-6 font-graphik text-body-large text-black-coffee focus-visible:outline focus-visible:outline-black-coffee focus-visible:outline-2 focus-visible:outline-offset-2 focus-visible:shadow-focus-color dropcap text-left\" style=\"padding-left: 40px\" data-testid=\"paragraph-element\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-310862 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/TIM260928-Steinem-Cover-FINAL-270x360.webp\" alt=\"\" width=\"270\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/TIM260928-Steinem-Cover-FINAL-270x360.webp 270w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/TIM260928-Steinem-Cover-FINAL-768x1024.webp 768w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/TIM260928-Steinem-Cover-FINAL-1152x1536.webp 1152w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/TIM260928-Steinem-Cover-FINAL-1537x2048.webp 1537w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/TIM260928-Steinem-Cover-FINAL-225x300.webp 225w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/TIM260928-Steinem-Cover-FINAL-scaled.webp 1921w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 270px) 100vw, 270px\" \/>In the beginning, there was the famous story about the young journalist\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/time.com\/author\/gloria-steinem\/\" target=\"_self\" data-mrf-recirculation=\"Author\" data-mrf-link=\"https:\/\/time.com\/author\/gloria-steinem\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Gloria Steinem<\/a>, going undercover in 1963 as a Playboy Bunny, all d\u00e9colletage and rabbit ears, in order to expose a culture of degradation and misogyny. The Bunny episode is certainly the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/time.com\/archive\/6595952\/10-questions-for-gloria-steinem\/\" target=\"_self\" data-mrf-link=\"https:\/\/time.com\/archive\/6595952\/10-questions-for-gloria-steinem\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Steinem<\/a>\u00a0anecdote most often cited, but it\u2019s such an early story that it\u2019s just a canary, really, hinting only a little at what would become a lifelong commitment to feminism.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p class=\"rich-text mb-6 font-graphik text-body-large text-black-coffee focus-visible:outline focus-visible:outline-black-coffee focus-visible:outline-2 focus-visible:outline-offset-2 focus-visible:shadow-focus-color text-left\" style=\"padding-left: 40px\" data-testid=\"paragraph-element\">Steinem, who\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/time.com\/article\/2026\/09\/03\/gloria-steinem-dead-at-92-feminist-activist-icon-tributes\/\" target=\"_self\" data-mrf-link=\"https:\/\/time.com\/article\/2026\/09\/03\/gloria-steinem-dead-at-92-feminist-activist-icon-tributes\/\" rel=\"noopener\">died Sept. 2 in her home in New York City at the age of 92<\/a>, was an icon of second-wave feminism. As one of the co-founders, in 1971, of both\u00a0<em>Ms.<\/em>\u00a0magazine and, along with many other feminists, the National Women\u2019s Political Caucus, Steinem advocated fiercely and vocally on behalf of women\u2019s rights. She was also involved in the fight for the passage of the Equal Rights Amendment.<\/p>\n<p data-testid=\"paragraph-element\">More <a href=\"https:\/\/time.com\/article\/2026\/09\/03\/gloria-steinem-remembrance-meg-wolitzer\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><strong>Enjoying the content on 3QD? Help keep us going by <a href=\"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/support-3qd\">donating now<\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Meg Wolitzer in\u00a0Time Magazine: In the beginning, there was the famous story about the young journalist\u00a0Gloria Steinem, going undercover in 1963 as a Playboy Bunny, all d\u00e9colletage and rabbit ears, in order to expose a culture of degradation and misogyny. The Bunny episode is certainly the\u00a0Steinem\u00a0anecdote most often cited, but it\u2019s such an early story&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":37,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"pmpro_default_level":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[5918],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-310861","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-recommended-reading","pmpro-has-access"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/310861","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/37"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=310861"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/310861\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":310863,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/310861\/revisions\/310863"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=310861"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=310861"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=310861"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":310856,"date":"2026-09-04T08:01:30","date_gmt":"2026-09-04T12:01:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/?p=310856"},"modified":"2026-09-04T08:01:30","modified_gmt":"2026-09-04T12:01:30","slug":"this-is-the-biggest-obstacle-to-new-cancer-cures","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/3quarksdaily\/2026\/09\/this-is-the-biggest-obstacle-to-new-cancer-cures.html","title":{"rendered":"This Is the Biggest Obstacle to New Cancer Cures"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Ruxandra Teslo in\u00a0<em>The New York Times:<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"css-12m5bll evys1bk0\" style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-310857 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/04Teslo-superJumbo-v2-300x360.webp\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/04Teslo-superJumbo-v2-300x360.webp 300w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/04Teslo-superJumbo-v2-852x1024.webp 852w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/04Teslo-superJumbo-v2-768x923.webp 768w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/04Teslo-superJumbo-v2-1278x1536.webp 1278w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/04Teslo-superJumbo-v2-250x300.webp 250w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/04Teslo-superJumbo-v2.webp 1704w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/>Before a new therapy can be tested in people in the United States, its sponsor must file what is known as an Investigational New Drug application. The submission can run to hundreds and even thousands of pages and includes extensive detail on manufacturing processes and quality controls, much of it designed with later commercial production in mind. What Australia does instead is focus on the questions related to evidence that the therapy is safe, which is what matters most in an early human study.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-12m5bll evys1bk0\" style=\"padding-left: 40px\">The result of the Australian system is that much-needed drugs are available faster to patients. Australia can cut up to nine months from the timeline before the application to start a trial is submitted, and another three to six after that. For a biotechnology company spending $2 million per month, this gap can be the difference between surviving and folding.<\/p>\n<p>More <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2026\/09\/04\/opinion\/clinical-trials-drugs-science.html?unlocked_article_code=1.-lA.b54f.76F43d1D6OCz&amp;smid=url-share\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Enjoying the content on 3QD? Help keep us going by <a href=\"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/support-3qd\">donating now<\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ruxandra Teslo in\u00a0The New York Times: Before a new therapy can be tested in people in the United States, its sponsor must file what is known as an Investigational New Drug application. The submission can run to hundreds and even thousands of pages and includes extensive detail on manufacturing processes and quality controls, much of&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":37,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"pmpro_default_level":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[5918],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-310856","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-recommended-reading","pmpro-has-access"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/310856","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/37"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=310856"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/310856\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":310859,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/310856\/revisions\/310859"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=310856"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=310856"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=310856"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":310853,"date":"2026-09-04T07:18:45","date_gmt":"2026-09-04T11:18:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/?p=310853"},"modified":"2026-09-04T07:18:45","modified_gmt":"2026-09-04T11:18:45","slug":"friday-poem-506","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/3quarksdaily\/2026\/09\/friday-poem-506.html","title":{"rendered":"Friday Poem"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>Song of Myself<\/h2>\n<div class=\"field field--body\">\n<p><span class=\"long-line\">The past and present wilt\u2014I have fill\u2019d them, emptied them.<\/span><br \/>\nAnd proceed to fill my next fold of the future.<\/p>\n<p>Listener up there! what have you to confide to me?<br \/>\nLook in my face while I snuff the sidle of evening,<br \/>\n<span class=\"long-line\">(Talk honestly, no one else hears you, and I stay only a minute\u00a0longer.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Do I contradict myself?<br \/>\nVery well then I contradict myself,<br \/>\n(I am large, I contain multitudes.)<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"long-line\">I concentrate toward them that are nigh, I wait on the door-slab.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"long-line\">Who has done his day\u2019s work? who will soonest be through with\u00a0his supper?<\/span><br \/>\nWho wishes to walk with me?<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"long-line\">Will you speak before I am gone? will you prove already too late?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/poets.org\/poet\/walt-whitman\" rel=\"bookmark noopener\" data-byline-author-name=\"\" target=\"_blank\">Walt Whitman <\/a>1819\u20131892<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><strong>Enjoying the content on 3QD? Help keep us going by<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/support-3qd\">donating now<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Song of Myself The past and present wilt\u2014I have fill\u2019d them, emptied them. And proceed to fill my next fold of the future. Listener up there! what have you to confide to me? Look in my face while I snuff the sidle of evening, (Talk honestly, no one else hears you, and I stay only&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":36,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"pmpro_default_level":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[5918],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-310853","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-recommended-reading","pmpro-has-access"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/310853","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/36"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=310853"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/310853\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":310855,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/310853\/revisions\/310855"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=310853"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=310853"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=310853"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":310569,"date":"2026-09-04T05:00:52","date_gmt":"2026-09-04T09:00:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/?p=310569"},"modified":"2026-08-31T03:53:47","modified_gmt":"2026-08-31T07:53:47","slug":"check-your-head","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/3quarksdaily\/2026\/09\/check-your-head.html","title":{"rendered":"Check Your Head"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_310571\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-310571\" style=\"width: 317px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-310571 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/1962517-sized-317x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"317\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/1962517-sized-317x360.jpg 317w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/1962517-sized-264x300.jpg 264w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/1962517-sized.jpg 563w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 317px) 100vw, 317px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-310571\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Douglas Harding&#8217;s headshot, 1961.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong>by Jim Hanas<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>When I interviewed the author <a href=\"https:\/\/georgesaunders.substack.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">George Saunders<\/a> years ago, he told me that his work was an attempt \u201cto figure out a way that the spiritual would not be full of shit.\u201d A tall order in an age of spiritual materialism\u2014where evidence in favor of actually existing religious institutions is discouraging\u2014but it is an interest I share. Saunders is a practicing Buddhist, while I am merely a perennialist magpie, but I am always on the lookout for ways of looking at the spiritual life that are both profound and articulable. (E.g. not full of shit.)<\/p>\n<p>I have already written about such attempts by <a href=\"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/3quarksdaily\/2026\/05\/rene-daumals-sermon-on-the-mount.html\">Ren\u00e9 Daumal<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/3quarksdaily\/2026\/07\/walker-percys-cosmos-revisited.html\">Walker Percy<\/a>, both of whom followed reason to its edge, where it spills into something larger that it is a part of, but for which it cannot account. Michael Pollan also arrives at this limit in <em>A World Appears<\/em>, which leads him to a consideration of \u201cthe view from within,\u201d the phenomenological view, <a href=\"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/3quarksdaily\/2026\/08\/what-is-it-like-to-be-a-phenomenologist.html\">to which I am partial<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>This view, of course, is anathema to neuroscientists and eliminativist philosophers. We don\u2019t know yet how positive science can account for consciousness\u2014and have so far lost one bet to David Chalmers about it\u2014but this is a trivial inconvenience, according to this view. We\u2019ll figure it out eventually, like air flight and DNA. This is the commonsense view of scientific progress today.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">The best day of my life\u2014my rebirthday, so to speak\u2014was when I found I had no head.<\/p>\n<p>So begins Douglas Harding\u2019s delightful 1961 book <em>On Having No Head<\/em>, which provides one of the strongest and most accessible\u2014if idiosyncratic\u2014cases for the irreducibility of first-person experience ever written. It begins with this seemingly outrageous claim. \u201cI found I had no head.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Harding dates this discovery to a walk in the Himalayas when he was thirty-three years old, relating it with a British straightforwardness that even Bertrand Russell might respect. <!--more-->He simply looked down and \u201cto look was enough\u201d:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">And what I found was khaki trouserlegs terminating downwards in a pair of brown shoes, khaki sleeves terminating sideways in a pair of pink hands, and a khaki shirtfront terminating upwards in\u2014absolutely nothing whatever! Certainly not in a head.<\/p>\n<p>At this point, the unsympathetic reader is likely to think Harding is playing games or being cute, but he insists he is not. \u201cThis is not a literary gambit, a witticism designed to arouse interest at any cost,\u201d he writes. \u201cI mean it in all seriousness. I have no head.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>An architect by trade, Harding first articulated his views on headlessness in his 1952 book <em>The Hierarchy of Heaven and Earth\u2014A New Diagram of Man in the Universe<\/em>. In 1960 he wrote two articles for <em>The Saturday Evening Post<\/em>, which had invited him to contribute, but he ended up sending <em>On Having No Head<\/em> to the London Buddhist Society, which published it in 1961. The book, which goes on to offer a thorough discussion of the principle of \u201cno-self,\u201d is explicitly Buddhist, but in a matter-of-fact, Anglophone register. Its subtitle is \u201cZen and the Rediscovery of the Obvious.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Here is a man who claims to have no head\u2014with a \u201cstraight face,\u201d I am tempted to say\u2014and claims further that his headlessness is the rediscovery of something obvious. How can the obvious be lost, let alone be rediscovered? This feels like Heidegger by way of Monty Python. (Which, I would argue, is its charm.)<\/p>\n<p>For the ordinary reader, Harding\u2019s claim is intuitive if one lets the book do its work. The first fact of experience is not that I have a body or a head, it is that \u201ca world appears,\u201d as Pollan\u2019s title suggests. And this world appears in a space that I often call my head, but which never itself appears. And it <em>never<\/em> can. The obvious objection is that I can see my head in a mirror or touch it with my hand, but this does no good, because the <em>experience<\/em> of my mirror image then appears in the same empty space, the same headless nothingness.<\/p>\n<p>While the unpersuaded reader will find Harding\u2019s point merely fatuous, for the professional scientist (as in an advocate of \u201cscientism\u201d) a stronger response is needed. In his book <em>Waking Up<\/em>, Sam Harris recounts the ridicule reserved for Harding by Douglas Hofstadter in a 1981 anthology the latter co-edited with arch-eliminativist Daniel Dennett. Hofstadter fumes:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">We have here been presented with a charmingly childish and solipsistic view of the human condition. It is something that, at an intellectual level, offends and appalls us: can anyone sincerely entertain such notions without embarrassment?<\/p>\n<p>Harris, who is both a neuroscientist and a perennialist magpie, is amused:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">This illustrates a very common phenomenon in scientific and secular circles: We have a contemplative like Harding who, to the eye of anyone familiar with the experience of self-transcendence, has described it in a manner approaching perfect clarity; we also have a scholar like Hofstadter, a celebrated contributor to our modern understanding of the mind, who dismisses him as a child.<\/p>\n<p>I would addthat Hofstadter\u2019s reaction is that of someone protecting their worldview, if not their very career. Because the simple fact is this: Third-person science may at some point account for first-person experience\u2014at least in the manner of looking at our head in a mirror\u2014but first-person experience <em>already<\/em> is the ground on which third-person science rests.<\/p>\n<p>Harris, by recognizing this, manages to do science without indulging in scientism. And what does that entail? Accepting that science is valid, as far as it goes, but that it is but one possible point of view. This is not to endorse relativism. Third-person science and the hypothesis of a mind-independent reality have been incredibly successful, especially technologically, but in accounting for first-person experience, it may have met both its match and its ground.<\/p>\n<p>In truth, neither system may be able to ultimately account for the other, because they are two different ways of considering the world that appears.<\/p>\n<p>William James observed that \u201cthe breach from one mind to another is perhaps the greatest breach in nature,\u201d but the ultimate discontinuity between the third-person, in which we have no consciousness, and the first-, in which we have no head, may be a close second.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Enjoying the content on 3QD? Help keep us going by <a href=\"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/support-3qd\">donating now<\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>by Jim Hanas When I interviewed the author George Saunders years ago, he told me that his work was an attempt \u201cto figure out a way that the spiritual would not be full of shit.\u201d A tall order in an age of spiritual materialism\u2014where evidence in favor of actually existing religious institutions is discouraging\u2014but it&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1008,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"pmpro_default_level":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[3260],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-310569","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-mondaymagazine","pmpro-has-access"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/310569","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1008"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=310569"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/310569\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":310640,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/310569\/revisions\/310640"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=310569"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=310569"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=310569"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":310525,"date":"2026-09-04T04:00:05","date_gmt":"2026-09-04T08:00:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/?p=310525"},"modified":"2026-08-31T03:59:32","modified_gmt":"2026-08-31T07:59:32","slug":"so-spin-me-baby-one-more-time","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/3quarksdaily\/2026\/09\/so-spin-me-baby-one-more-time.html","title":{"rendered":"So Spin Me, Baby, One More Time!"},"content":{"rendered":"\r\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>by Carlota Figueroa<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p>Have you ever heard of a particle&#8217;s <b>spin<\/b><i> <\/i>before? If you have, I bet that the first time you were introduced to this concept you were told to imagine a ball that spins on its axis and to take this as an analogy for what a particle&#8217;s spin really is. Now, if you&#8217;ve taken more advanced courses in quantum physics you were probably told something similar, but with a little addition to the end: &#8220;A particle&#8217;s spin is like a ball that spins\u2026 except that it isn&#8217;t a ball and that it doesn&#8217;t spin.&#8221; Yeah, not very helpful, I know. Spin is one of those buzzwords that get thrown around whenever someone starts to speak about any (and I really mean <i>any<\/i>) topic to do with quantum physics, from quantum computers to quantum entanglement and teleportation, and for good reason too: most of the coolest concepts in this area have spin as one of their building blocks. Personally, I think it&#8217;s great that these topics are being popularised. But it is a disservice to everyone taking an interest to be told about how we can make information travel almost instantly or how new generation computers will reach unimaginable levels of efficiency without explaining to them exactly what it is that makes this possible. I hope that by the time you finish reading you have a slightly better idea of what spin is, and of everything it makes possible.<\/p>\r\n<p>The reason why the ball analogy is so popular is that spin actually is an <b>intrinsic angular momentum<\/b> characteristic of a particle. Roughly speaking, when you speak about angular momentum, you are describing the rotation of an object, and it depends on several variables, including the origin, the velocity of rotation and the moment of inertia of that object (this is simply a value that tells you how difficult it is for you to change that object&#8217;s existing rotation). Therefore, when we talk about spin, it kind of makes sense to talk about a ball that turns on its axis. However, <i>intrinsic<\/i> means there is nothing physically rotating for us to watch: no way to read a particle&#8217;s spin off its motion. A ball, by contrast, visibly turns fast or slow, clockwise or counterclockwise, and you can make it rotate however your heart desires. Its angular momentum can therefore take any value: it is continuous. Spin is the complete opposite: encoded within the particle, and only ever taking specific values.<\/p>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_310530\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-310530\" style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-310530 \" src=\"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/stern_gerlach_pink-e1788074893585-360x209.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"232\" srcset=\"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/stern_gerlach_pink-e1788074893585-360x209.jpg 360w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/stern_gerlach_pink-e1788074893585-1024x595.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/stern_gerlach_pink-e1788074893585-768x446.jpg 768w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/stern_gerlach_pink-e1788074893585-300x174.jpg 300w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/stern_gerlach_pink-e1788074893585.jpg 1418w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-310530\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Basic diagram of the setup for the Stern-Gerlach experiment generated by Claude Code.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<p>This is where the million-dollar question comes up: if there is nothing actually rotating for us to look at, how do we know spin exists? Thanks to our friends Otto Stern and Walther Gerlach, in 1922 we finally got our answer. Their experiment used silver atoms, which are electrically neutral (a charged particle would get deflected so violently by a magnetic field that we would be incapable of appreciating this subtle quantum effect), but which still behave like tiny magnets: thanks to its single outermost electron, each silver atom is effectively a miniature compass needle flying through space.<\/p>\r\n<p>Now, a compass needle in a uniform magnetic field (meaning, one with the same strength everywhere) only twists to align itself (it doesn&#8217;t actually go anywhere) so Stern and Gerlach deliberately built an inhomogeneous field (meaning, stronger in some places than others). In a field like this, a tiny magnet gets pulled upwards or downwards, and how hard it gets pulled depends on the direction its needle is pointing. Here is where classical physics places its bet: the atoms come flying out of a hot oven, so their needles should be pointing in every direction at random, some straight up, some straight down, most somewhere in between. Therefore, the plate at the end of the apparatus should show a continuous smear, a vertical stripe painted by every possible amount of deflection. This should make sense intuitively: if a needle is free to point any way it likes, the force on it can take any value between the two extremes. You can probably infer from the fact that I&#8217;m writing this article that this wasn&#8217;t what happened\u2026 at all. What Gerlach found on the glass plate was that the atoms had split into two distinct lines and nothing in between: half deflected upwards, half downwards, as if every compass needle in the beam had been forced to choose between exactly two settings.<!--more--><\/p>\r\n<p>You can imagine the surprise on our friends&#8217; faces: had they discovered that the classical laws of physics upon which the discipline had been built until that moment were suddenly wrong? Honestly, that would&#8217;ve been a huge problem. However, luckily for us, they had discovered something much more awe-inducing: that particles possessed an intrinsic angular momentum (similar to the ordinary angular momentum of a ball spinning on its axis) which could only take a specific set of values. Now looking back we know that spin had to exist and had to be quantized: the Stern\u2013Gerlach experiment had answered a question no one had thought to ask yet. Credit to the experimental physicists, five years ahead of the theorists!<\/p>\r\n<p>A natural question to ask ourselves is whether Stern and Gerlach really knew what they were searching for: had anyone ever postulated the existence of something like an intrinsic angular momentum? The answer to that is yes, kind of. In the early 20th century, many scientists pondered why atoms were more stable when certain numbers of electrons filled up their shells. If you think back to your high school chemistry class, I am sure you were taught about Bohr&#8217;s model of an atom: you have a central nucleus made up of protons and neutrons around which electrons orbit in different shells. This is not exactly true: electrons are quantum particles, so they cannot simultaneously have a well-defined position and momentum (hello, Heisenberg!), and the shells are really clouds of probability, meaning regions where an electron is likely to be found, never pinpointed. However, Bohr&#8217;s shell model is useful enough to explain the next point, so we will go back to it: I just didn&#8217;t want to lie to you. As we mentioned before, atoms are most stable for certain shell configurations: 2, 8, 18 electrons and so on. By &#8220;so on&#8221;, I mean following a pattern of 2n\u00b2 (n can be any natural number, so 1,2,3, etc). This shell number is actually one of the relevant quantum numbers we use to label an electron and for an unperturbed atom, the energy of each electron depends on the shell it is located in, giving rise to energy layers. In theory, each electron in the same layer should have the same energy.<\/p>\r\n<p>Nevertheless, this is only a first approximation and actually somewhat far from the truth, and magnetic fields are to blame again. The anomalous Zeeman effect showed that when a magnetic field is applied to an atom, the energies of the electrons all became slightly different to each other. In fact, the most surprising phenomenon was that the energy levels seemed to split evenly into a higher and lower level: this meant that half of the electrons on a shell were found at a distinctly higher energy level than the other half. This was something that Bohr&#8217;s model could not explain. At the end of the day, what did a magnetic field have to do with what energy level an electron was found in? After thinking for some time, Pauli postulated that this splitting in the spectral lines (i.e. the difference in the energies of the electrons) must have been caused by another 2-valued quantum number that differentiated half of the electrons from the other half when you applied a magnetic field. Although he didn&#8217;t call it that yet, what he was talking about was the spin, well, about the projection of the spin.<\/p>\r\n<p>The fact that this new quantum number (which Pauli deliberately didn&#8217;t name, he just asserted that this was a new label to be attributed to particles) could only take two values is crucial. These two values are +1\/2 and \u22121\/2: the only two projections an electron&#8217;s spin can take (the spin itself is fixed at 1\/2, a permanent property of the electron, like its charge). Particles with half-integer spin (like electrons) are called fermions. From all of this, Pauli distilled his famous <b>Exclusion Principle<\/b>. Atoms take up space: however small, they cannot be compressed into a point, and their shells refuse to collapse into one another. There must be something underlying an atom&#8217;s structure that prevents all electrons from coexisting in the same shell. As you might have guessed, that something is a consequence of the Exclusion Principle, which is directly linked to spin. In modern language, we can describe Pauli&#8217;s idea as follows:<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 120px;\"><i>\u201ctwo or more identical particles with half-integer spin cannot simultaneously occupy the same quantum state within a system that obeys the laws of quantum mechanics.&#8221;<\/i><\/p>\r\n<p>This means that you cannot have two electrons with the exact same quantum numbers coexisting with each other. A particle&#8217;s quantum numbers define its state, and for an electron we have four: its principal quantum number <i>n<\/i> (the level it lives in), its orbital angular momentum <i>l<\/i> (which ranges from 0 to <i>n<\/i>\u22121), the magnetic quantum number <i>m<\/i>\u2097<i> <\/i>(which ranges from \u2212<i>l<\/i> to <i>l<\/i>) and then the spin projection <i>m<\/i>\u209b. This first splitting of the energy levels under the anomalous Zeeman effect is a consequence of the two different values of <i>m<\/i>\u209b, but we can see further splitting depending on the values of the other quantum numbers. All in all, if you do the math, you can see that according to Pauli&#8217;s Exclusion Principle, in the first energy level corresponding to <i>n<\/i>=1, we can only fit 2 electrons, in the second 8 electrons and so on. I hope you can now see how spin is not some mysterious concoction that physicists came up with to act smarter than everyone else, but rather an undeniable truth of the world we live in.<\/p>\r\n<p>To finish off this article and at the risk of letting the little mathematician that lives inside me break out, I want to tell you about the mathematical structure that hides under the concept of spin. Fermions aren&#8217;t the only particles that have spin: we also have bosons with integer spin (generally speaking, spin equal to 0 or 1, a spin-1 particle, for example, has projections \u22121, 0 and 1). These are actually the more intuitive particles to understand, geometrically speaking. Since the math is about to get a little muddy, picture a particle&#8217;s spin as a little arrow. Rotate a boson&#8217;s arrow 360\u00ba about any axis and it comes back pointing exactly where it started. I tell you this as a little fun fact because I don&#8217;t have the time to go into a proper description of Lie algebras, but this is a consequence of integer spin being accurately represented by the group of orthogonal rotations SO(3). I know, a lot of weird language all of a sudden, but stick to the intuitive idea. This is the group that describes the geometry of the world we see every day: when you turn around 360\u00ba about your own axis, you end up in the position you started in.<\/p>\r\n<p>Well, surprise, half-integer spin doesn&#8217;t work like this, so the group SO(3) is not an accurate representation of spin as a whole. With integer spin, only the final direction matters: the rotation is independent of the journey. As you may have been able to tell from this article, spin is not an easy subject to deal with, and half-integer spin is another beast altogether. Actually, the Exclusion Principle only applies to fermions: we can have as many bosons coexisting in the same quantum state as our heart desires. Well, when we rotate half-integer spin, we don&#8217;t only care about the direction we point in, but we also have to pay attention to whether it took us an odd number or an even number of turns to get there. If it took us an odd number of turns, something extraordinary happens: the arrow points exactly the way it did at the beginning, but its quantum label comes back carrying the opposite sign. Only after another 360\u00ba (a full 720\u00ba journey) does everything, arrow and label, return to the original position. This structure is described by the Lie group SU(2), which wraps twice around the group SO(3). What you should remember from this very technical explanation is that we don&#8217;t need quantum physics to describe the geometry of the world we live in, but quantum objects are inherently more complex than we are used to, and behave in very strange ways.<\/p>\r\n<p>Now, if you want to visualise this, you can check out <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Vfh21o-JW9Q\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">this video<\/a> of Dirac&#8217;s belt trick. Or, even better, you can try it out for yourself. First, you need to grab a belt, trap one end under a heavy book, and hold the buckle in your hand. Give the buckle one full 360\u00ba turn and take on this challenge: remove the twist you just made without ever rotating the buckle again. You can do anything you want to the belt as long as the buckle always keeps pointing the way it points. Spoiler alert: this is impossible. Now give the buckle a second full turn in the same direction (720\u00ba in total, your belt may look like a mess, but I promise it&#8217;s worth it) and try again: sweep the middle of the belt around the buckle end, moving it but never turning it. Surprise! Both twists dissolve into nothing. The belt works as a diary of the rotation: every little slice of the belt records an orientation, so the belt remembers the journey the buckle took, not just the destination, similar to half-integer spin. It cannot tell the difference between an even number of turns and no turns at all (those tangles can always be smoothed away) but an odd number of turns leaves a mark that cannot be undone. That is the leathery essence of SU(2).\u00a0<\/p>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_310528\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-310528\" style=\"width: 640px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-310528 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/06_belt_trick-822x1024.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"797\" srcset=\"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/06_belt_trick-822x1024.png 822w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/06_belt_trick-289x360.png 289w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/06_belt_trick-768x956.png 768w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/06_belt_trick-1234x1536.png 1234w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/06_belt_trick-1645x2048.png 1645w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/06_belt_trick-241x300.png 241w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-310528\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dirac\u2019s Belt Trick visualized using Claude Code.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<p>I admit I dangled quantum computers, entanglement and teleportation at you mostly to convince you to keep reading. I promise you will get your article on all of these in the near future. I owe you, after all. However, I wanted to give spin the 15 minutes of fame that it deserves: it is the cornerstone of these technologies and yet we take it for granted, as if we had always known of its existence and structure. And remember, if someone ever asks you what spin is and you don&#8217;t remember everything I have told you in this article, you can always tell them what every renowned physicist has embedded in their minds: &#8220;it is like a ball that spins, except that it isn&#8217;t a ball and that it doesn&#8217;t spin.&#8221;<\/p>\r\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>by Carlota Figueroa Have you ever heard of a particle&#8217;s spin before? If you have, I bet that the first time you were introduced to this concept you were told to imagine a ball that spins on its axis and to take this as an analogy for what a particle&#8217;s spin really is. Now, if&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1993,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"pmpro_default_level":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[3260],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-310525","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-mondaymagazine","pmpro-has-access"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/310525","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1993"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=310525"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/310525\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":310642,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/310525\/revisions\/310642"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=310525"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=310525"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=310525"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}]