[{"id":311106,"date":"2026-09-08T14:45:26","date_gmt":"2026-09-08T18:45:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/?p=311106"},"modified":"2026-09-08T10:48:27","modified_gmt":"2026-09-08T14:48:27","slug":"terry-eagleton-brings-his-vast-reading-to-bear-on-lifes-most-inescapable-fact","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/3quarksdaily\/2026\/09\/terry-eagleton-brings-his-vast-reading-to-bear-on-lifes-most-inescapable-fact.html","title":{"rendered":"Terry Eagleton brings his vast reading to bear on life\u2019s most inescapable fact"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Kathryn Hughes in <em>The Guardian<\/em>:<\/p>\n<p class=\"dcr-1s160rg\" style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span class=\"dcr-1iwzucl\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-311107\" src=\"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/3454-360x288.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"360\" height=\"288\" srcset=\"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/3454-360x288.png 360w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/3454-1024x819.png 1024w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/3454-768x614.png 768w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/3454-300x240.png 300w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/3454.png 1240w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 360px) 100vw, 360px\" \/>T<\/span>erry Eagleton is not a fan of sloppy thinking, especially when it comes to the granite fact of death. He particularly doesn\u2019t like the attitude of\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/books\/dylanthomas\" data-link-name=\"in body link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dylan Thomas<\/a>\u00a0who famously urged his ailing father to \u201cnot go gentle into that good night\u201d. If the \u201cnight\u201d \u2013 death \u2013 is so \u201cgood\u201d then why, asks Eagleton reasonably, would Thomas want his dad to dawdle? Shouldn\u2019t DJ Thomas, rather, be encouraged to trot towards his lovely end like an ecstatic marathon runner on the home straight?<\/p>\n<p class=\"dcr-1s160rg\" style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Eagleton\u2019s reproach to Thomas\u2019s doublethink should not be read as panicky denial about the reality of his\u00a0own mortality. To the contrary, Eagleton, who at 83 admits that he wasn\u2019t sure whether this book would end up being published posthumously, finds it hard to think or write about much else. After a 60-year academic career spent tussling with Marxist literary theory, not to mention the epistemological void at the heart of\u00a0postmodernism criticism, these days Eagleton is more interested in pondering death and how it \u201clacks a\u00a0sense of occasion\u201d. It might visit, for\u00a0example, while you happen to be dressed in a giraffe outfit.<\/p>\n<p>More <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/books\/2026\/sep\/03\/a-death-of-ones-own-by-terry-eagleton-review-meditations-on-arriving-at-a-full-stop?utm_term=6a9d71e88d8301be45e3681a567781c8&amp;utm_campaign=Bookmarks&amp;utm_source=esp&amp;utm_medium=Email&amp;CMP=bookmarks_email\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Enjoying the content on 3QD? Help keep us going by <a href=\"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/support-3qd\">donating now<\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Kathryn Hughes in The Guardian: Terry Eagleton is not a fan of sloppy thinking, especially when it comes to the granite fact of death. He particularly doesn\u2019t like the attitude of\u00a0Dylan Thomas\u00a0who famously urged his ailing father to \u201cnot go gentle into that good night\u201d. If the \u201cnight\u201d \u2013 death \u2013 is so \u201cgood\u201d then&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":34,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"pmpro_default_level":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[5918],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-311106","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-recommended-reading","pmpro-has-access"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/311106","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/34"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=311106"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/311106\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":311109,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/311106\/revisions\/311109"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=311106"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=311106"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=311106"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":311101,"date":"2026-09-08T12:45:03","date_gmt":"2026-09-08T16:45:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/?p=311101"},"modified":"2026-09-08T10:38:51","modified_gmt":"2026-09-08T14:38:51","slug":"is-the-musical-scale-we-grew-up-with-dictated-by-physics-or-is-it-something-we-just-got-used-to","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/3quarksdaily\/2026\/09\/is-the-musical-scale-we-grew-up-with-dictated-by-physics-or-is-it-something-we-just-got-used-to.html","title":{"rendered":"Is the musical scale we grew up with dictated by physics, or is it something we just got used to?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"YouTube video player\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/VKG-IJfU4Z0?si=OC5hI3OT-akkJT97\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><span data-mce-type=\"bookmark\" style=\"display: inline-block; width: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 0;\" class=\"mce_SELRES_start\">\ufeff<\/span><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><strong>Enjoying the content on 3QD? Help keep us going by <a href=\"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/support-3qd\">donating now<\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\ufeff Enjoying the content on 3QD? Help keep us going by donating now.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":34,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"pmpro_default_level":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[5918],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-311101","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-recommended-reading","pmpro-has-access"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/311101","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/34"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=311101"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/311101\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":311102,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/311101\/revisions\/311102"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=311101"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=311101"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=311101"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":311097,"date":"2026-09-08T11:45:49","date_gmt":"2026-09-08T15:45:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/?p=311097"},"modified":"2026-09-08T10:30:53","modified_gmt":"2026-09-08T14:30:53","slug":"what-56000-americans-told-us-about-ai-policy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/3quarksdaily\/2026\/09\/what-56000-americans-told-us-about-ai-policy.html","title":{"rendered":"What 56,000 Americans told us about AI policy"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>From the <em>Center for Shared AI Prosperity<\/em>:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-311098\" src=\"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws-1-1-551x1024.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" height=\"372\" srcset=\"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws-1-1-551x1024.png 551w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws-1-1-194x360.png 194w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws-1-1-768x1428.png 768w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws-1-1-826x1536.png 826w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws-1-1-1102x2048.png 1102w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws-1-1-161x300.png 161w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws-1-1-scaled.png 1377w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/>We\u2019ve tested 79 policy ideas that could address the impact of AI on the economy.\u00a0<\/em>Our national survey of 56,000 respondents measured public support on 79 policies that range from AI-specific taxation to the creation of a U.S. sovereign wealth fund, from \u201cdata dividends\u201d to wage insurance. Our survey results are available\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/spreadsheets\/d\/1exCCDDNgZv97XV5A_M8CIDiN3b0Dnq3rXeMsZYGq9fs\/edit?gid=129877769#gid=129877769\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here<\/a>. We went broad because all popularity is relative, so we need to understand where people are on a diverse battery of economic policies before we can say much about any specific intervention. We will update the rank order (relative popularity) of these policies over time and expand the economic policies we test as the field evolves.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>Our surveys include pro and con arguments.\u00a0<\/em>Blue Rose Research measures how support changes after respondents read very short arguments for and against the policy. Net support reported in this post, and elsewhere in CSAIP research, reflects net support after argumentation. After reading the arguments, respondents are asked to choose whether they support or oppose the policy without an undecided option. Net support expresses the difference between support and opposition in percentage points. This helps us understand how fixed opinions already are on any given policy idea, and how vulnerable a policy might be to basic opposition. More information about the polling methodology at Blue Rose Research can be found\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1oe69UZErSnnTQ6F7LUQC7zlc_ObFCf6R1C9JsGWOUR4\/edit?tab=t.0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>More <a href=\"https:\/\/blog.csaip.org\/p\/what-56000-americans-told-us-about?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Enjoying the content on 3QD? Help keep us going by <a href=\"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/support-3qd\">donating now<\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>From the Center for Shared AI Prosperity: We\u2019ve tested 79 policy ideas that could address the impact of AI on the economy.\u00a0Our national survey of 56,000 respondents measured public support on 79 policies that range from AI-specific taxation to the creation of a U.S. sovereign wealth fund, from \u201cdata dividends\u201d to wage insurance. Our survey&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":34,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"pmpro_default_level":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[5918],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-311097","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-recommended-reading","pmpro-has-access"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/311097","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/34"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=311097"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/311097\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":311100,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/311097\/revisions\/311100"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=311097"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=311097"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=311097"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":311086,"date":"2026-09-08T10:45:50","date_gmt":"2026-09-08T14:45:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/?p=311086"},"modified":"2026-09-07T11:46:35","modified_gmt":"2026-09-07T15:46:35","slug":"on-the-life-and-philosophy-of-henri-bergson","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/3quarksdaily\/2026\/09\/on-the-life-and-philosophy-of-henri-bergson.html","title":{"rendered":"On the Life and Philosophy of Henri Bergson"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Herald of a Restless World: On the Life and Philosophy of Henri Bergson with Dr. Emily Herring.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/ODyQ5FxyIOc?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><strong>Enjoying the content on 3QD? Help keep us going by <a href=\"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/support-3qd\">donating now<\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Enjoying the content on 3QD? Help keep us going by donating now.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":38,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"pmpro_default_level":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[5918],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-311086","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-recommended-reading","pmpro-has-access"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/311086","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/38"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=311086"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/311086\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":311087,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/311086\/revisions\/311087"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=311086"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=311086"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=311086"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":311082,"date":"2026-09-08T09:42:50","date_gmt":"2026-09-08T13:42:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/?p=311082"},"modified":"2026-09-07T11:44:43","modified_gmt":"2026-09-07T15:44:43","slug":"your-perception-of-time-is-in-fact-warped","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/3quarksdaily\/2026\/09\/your-perception-of-time-is-in-fact-warped.html","title":{"rendered":"Your Perception Of Time Is, In Fact, Warped"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Mike Mariani at <em>Noema<\/em>:<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-311083 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/images-360x324.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"360\" height=\"324\" srcset=\"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/images-360x324.png 360w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/images-300x270.png 300w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/images.png 471w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 360px) 100vw, 360px\" \/>Scientists and academics have been grappling with some of these questions since the 19th century. In the 1890s, renowned French philosopher Paul Janet proposed that human beings experience time in proportion to their age.\u00a0When we\u2019re 10 years old, one year is fully 10% of our entire lifetimes; as a result, we process it with slow, substantive vividness. When we\u2019re 50 years old, on the other hand, that same year represents only 2% of our lives, and we experience it with corresponding ephemerality and diminished gravitas. Janet\u2019s theory would come to be known as \u201clogarithmic time perception,\u201d a reference to the measurement scale that represents mathematical figures proportionately (it\u2019s sometimes referred to as the \u201ctime alive\u201d theory).<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"padding-left: 40px\">William James picked up where Janet left off, positing in \u201cPrinciples of Psychology\u201d that\u00a0time moves more slowly for young people, who slingshot themselves into fresh experiences every day. \u201cApprehension is vivid, retentiveness strong, and our recollections of that time, like those of a time spent in rapid and interesting travel, are of something intricate, multitudinous, and long-drawn-out,\u201d he writes.<\/p>\n<p>more <a href=\"https:\/\/www.noemamag.com\/your-perception-of-time-is-in-fact-warped\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Enjoying the content on 3QD? Help keep us going by <a href=\"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/support-3qd\">donating now<\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Mike Mariani at Noema: Scientists and academics have been grappling with some of these questions since the 19th century. In the 1890s, renowned French philosopher Paul Janet proposed that human beings experience time in proportion to their age.\u00a0When we\u2019re 10 years old, one year is fully 10% of our entire lifetimes; as a result, we&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":38,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"pmpro_default_level":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[5918],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-311082","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-recommended-reading","pmpro-has-access"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/311082","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/38"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=311082"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/311082\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":311085,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/311082\/revisions\/311085"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=311082"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=311082"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=311082"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":311078,"date":"2026-09-08T08:36:16","date_gmt":"2026-09-08T12:36:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/?p=311078"},"modified":"2026-09-07T11:41:44","modified_gmt":"2026-09-07T15:41:44","slug":"how-to-return-to-art-history","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/3quarksdaily\/2026\/09\/how-to-return-to-art-history.html","title":{"rendered":"How To Return To Art History"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Sean Tatol at <em>The Point<\/em>:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-311079 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/shopping-6.webp\" alt=\"\" width=\"241\" height=\"307\" srcset=\"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/shopping-6.webp 241w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/shopping-6-236x300.webp 236w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 241px) 100vw, 241px\" \/>I sometimes half-joke that the art world died in 2003. In that account, the two signal events from that year are the death of the art dealer Colin de Land and Andrea Fraser\u2019s\u00a0<i>Untitled<\/i>\u00a0(2003), a video work that consists of footage of the artist having sex with a collector who had agreed to buy an edition of the work beforehand. To my knowledge neither had a tangible effect on the art world at large beyond New York, but both represented an inflection point for the late-avant-garde framework that had sustained that world since the early Nineties.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">De Land was a late, DIY version of Leo Castelli, someone whose respected position and informal panache\u2014holding art fairs in the rooms of the Gramercy Park Hotel, teaching art history to prospective collectors, wearing a modified trucker hat that read \u201cDon\u2019t bother me unless you\u2019re buyin\u2019\u201d\u2014allowed him to mediate between radical, uncommercial artists and an active collector base. His death marked the end of the \u201cgentleman dealer.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>more <a href=\"https:\/\/thepointmag.com\/criticism\/after-the-post-avant-garde\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Enjoying the content on 3QD? Help keep us going by <a href=\"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/support-3qd\">donating now<\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Sean Tatol at The Point: I sometimes half-joke that the art world died in 2003. In that account, the two signal events from that year are the death of the art dealer Colin de Land and Andrea Fraser\u2019s\u00a0Untitled\u00a0(2003), a video work that consists of footage of the artist having sex with a collector who had&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":38,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"pmpro_default_level":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[5918],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-311078","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-recommended-reading","pmpro-has-access"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/311078","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/38"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=311078"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/311078\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":311081,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/311078\/revisions\/311081"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=311078"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=311078"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=311078"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":311093,"date":"2026-09-08T07:55:03","date_gmt":"2026-09-08T11:55:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/?p=311093"},"modified":"2026-09-08T07:55:03","modified_gmt":"2026-09-08T11:55:03","slug":"tom-stoppard-conservative-liberal-englishman","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/3quarksdaily\/2026\/09\/tom-stoppard-conservative-liberal-englishman.html","title":{"rendered":"Tom Stoppard: Conservative, Liberal, Englishman"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Benjamin Schwartz in\u00a0<em>The American Conservative:<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-311094 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/p41_tom_stoppard_smoking_517258992-823x1024-1-289x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"289\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/p41_tom_stoppard_smoking_517258992-823x1024-1-289x360.jpg 289w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/p41_tom_stoppard_smoking_517258992-823x1024-1-768x956.jpg 768w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/p41_tom_stoppard_smoking_517258992-823x1024-1-241x300.jpg 241w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/p41_tom_stoppard_smoking_517258992-823x1024-1.jpg 823w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 289px) 100vw, 289px\" \/>Stoppard was the most glittering figure in Britain\u2019s intellectual and high-cultural life for the past six decades. In a country that still dominates world theater, he was at the time of his death indisputably Britain\u2019s greatest dramatist. Equally indisputably, he was also its most\u2014really its only\u2014glamorous one. In suitably Byronic fashion, he awoke the morning after the premiere of\u00a0<em>Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead<\/em> at the Edinburgh Festival in 1966 to find himself famous. (To a reporter who asked what the play was \u201cabout,\u201d the 29-year-old Stoppard replied, \u201cIt\u2019s about to make me very rich.\u201d) His dashing looks, playful wit, and easy charm made him an intellectual rock star, a position bolstered by his long-standing and devoted friendships with genuine rock stars, most famously Mick Jagger (Jagger was one of only three speakers at July\u2019s tribute), and with a staggering range of celebrities, from Vaclav Havel to Harrison Ford to the Duchess of Devonshire.<\/p>\n<p>More <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theamericanconservative.com\/tom-stoppard-conservative-liberal-englishman\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Enjoying the content on 3QD? Help keep us going by <a href=\"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/support-3qd\">donating now<\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Benjamin Schwartz in\u00a0The American Conservative: Stoppard was the most glittering figure in Britain\u2019s intellectual and high-cultural life for the past six decades. In a country that still dominates world theater, he was at the time of his death indisputably Britain\u2019s greatest dramatist. Equally indisputably, he was also its most\u2014really its only\u2014glamorous one. In suitably Byronic&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":37,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"pmpro_default_level":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[5918],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-311093","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-recommended-reading","pmpro-has-access"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/311093","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/37"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=311093"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/311093\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":311096,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/311093\/revisions\/311096"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=311093"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=311093"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=311093"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":311053,"date":"2026-09-08T07:44:40","date_gmt":"2026-09-08T11:44:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/?p=311053"},"modified":"2026-09-08T07:44:40","modified_gmt":"2026-09-08T11:44:40","slug":"tuesday-poem-516","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/3quarksdaily\/2026\/09\/tuesday-poem-516.html","title":{"rendered":"Tuesday Poem"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>Memory\u2026<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Monday, August 18, 2025<br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Francavilla al Mare, Italy<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It had been six months since Michael died.<br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">From the apartment of Mario Tatasciore where I was staying,<br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">I watched the nuns in the garden of their summer respite house<br \/>\non the beach, as they gathered silently for the beginning of their evening prayers &#8211;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">While next-door at Mambo Beach Bar, they cranked up some Italian techno trash<br \/>\n\u2014a remix of &#8220;I Will Survive.&#8221;\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ave Maria&#8230;.<br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Oh no not I&#8230;.<br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Pieno di grazia&#8230;.<br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">I will survive&#8230;<br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Il Signore \u00e9 con te..<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">And now tonight: celebrations in honor of San Franco -Patrono della Citt\u00e0!<br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">But first dinner at the ever popular \u201cNonna. Clara\u201d <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">And who, but I, had the<br \/>\n\u2018colglioni to go to the restaurant at 6:30 without a reservation and ask<br \/>\nfor a table for one at 8:30\u2026 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">On the most popular night of the year??<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">As long as I know how to love..<br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Tu sei benedetta fra le donne&#8230;<br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">I know I&#8217;ll stay alive<br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">e benedetto \u00e8 il frutto<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff\">&#8230;&#8230;..<\/span> Well,<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">There I sat, facing the door, watching people come in, as if I were il padrone.<br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Outside the windows, fireworks waited to fill the dark sky. But I was content.<br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">I thought about the plates before me.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">As the city\u2019s saint watched over me, I devoured the best pasta<br \/>\naglio e olio and alici marinati evah!<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Santa Maria, Madre di Dio,<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">And I&#8217;ll survive&#8230;&#8230;<br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">I, I, I will survive!<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><br \/>\n<\/span><em><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">by Philip Graziano<br \/>\n<\/span><\/em><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">9\/7\/26<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Enjoying the content on 3QD? Help keep us going by<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/support-3qd\">donating now<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Memory\u2026 Monday, August 18, 2025 Francavilla al Mare, Italy It had been six months since Michael died. From the apartment of Mario Tatasciore where I was staying, I watched the nuns in the garden of their summer respite house on the beach, as they gathered silently for the beginning of their evening prayers &#8211; While&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":36,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"pmpro_default_level":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[5918],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-311053","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-recommended-reading","pmpro-has-access"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/311053","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/36"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=311053"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/311053\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":311062,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/311053\/revisions\/311062"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=311053"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=311053"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=311053"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":311089,"date":"2026-09-08T07:35:10","date_gmt":"2026-09-08T11:35:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/?p=311089"},"modified":"2026-09-08T07:35:10","modified_gmt":"2026-09-08T11:35:10","slug":"isaac-newtons-remarkable-year-and-the-plagiarism-accusations-that-followed","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/3quarksdaily\/2026\/09\/isaac-newtons-remarkable-year-and-the-plagiarism-accusations-that-followed.html","title":{"rendered":"Isaac Newton\u2019s remarkable year \u2014 and the plagiarism accusations that followed"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Andrew Robinson in\u00a0<em>Nature:<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-311090 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/d41586-026-02808-7_53180848-360x288.webp\" alt=\"\" width=\"360\" height=\"288\" srcset=\"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/d41586-026-02808-7_53180848-360x288.webp 360w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/d41586-026-02808-7_53180848-1024x821.webp 1024w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/d41586-026-02808-7_53180848-768x615.webp 768w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/d41586-026-02808-7_53180848-300x240.webp 300w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/d41586-026-02808-7_53180848.webp 1248w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 360px) 100vw, 360px\" \/>The \u2018ten-year rule\u2019 of creativity and genius, identified by psychologist John Hayes in 1989, states that individuals in both the arts and sciences need a decade of learning and practising a craft or discipline before they can make a breakthrough. Many scientists fit that pattern.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">For example,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/456295a\" data-track=\"click\" data-label=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/456295a\" data-track-category=\"body text link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Charles Darwin<\/a>\u00a0conceived his theory of natural selection in 1838, ten years after immersing himself in science at university.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/527298a\" data-track=\"click\" data-label=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/527298a\" data-track-category=\"body text link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Albert Einstein<\/a>\u2019s theory of special relativity was published in 1905, ten years after he began to question the speed of light. And in 1990, Tim Berners-Lee invented the web server and browser that became the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-025-03859-y\" data-track=\"click\" data-label=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-025-03859-y\" data-track-category=\"body text link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">World Wide Web<\/a>, a decade after making his first web-like computer programme.<\/p>\n<p>More <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-026-02808-7\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Enjoying the content on 3QD? Help keep us going by <a href=\"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/support-3qd\">donating now<\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Andrew Robinson in\u00a0Nature: The \u2018ten-year rule\u2019 of creativity and genius, identified by psychologist John Hayes in 1989, states that individuals in both the arts and sciences need a decade of learning and practising a craft or discipline before they can make a breakthrough. Many scientists fit that pattern. For example,\u00a0Charles Darwin\u00a0conceived his theory of natural&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":37,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"pmpro_default_level":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[5918],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-311089","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-recommended-reading","pmpro-has-access"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/311089","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/37"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=311089"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/311089\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":311092,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/311089\/revisions\/311092"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=311089"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=311089"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=311089"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":310960,"date":"2026-09-08T06:00:30","date_gmt":"2026-09-08T10:00:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/?p=310960"},"modified":"2026-09-07T01:51:21","modified_gmt":"2026-09-07T05:51:21","slug":"jefferson-expresses-his-mind-on-slavery","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/3quarksdaily\/2026\/09\/jefferson-expresses-his-mind-on-slavery.html","title":{"rendered":"Jefferson Expresses His Mind (On Slavery)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>by Michael Liss<\/strong><\/p>\n<blockquote><p>My Jefferson is a giant, but a giant trammeled in a net, and obliged (he thought) to keep repairing and strengthening the coils of that net. <span style=\"text-align: right;\">\u2014Garry Wills, <\/span><em style=\"text-align: right;\">\u201cNegro President\u201d<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<figure id=\"attachment_310961\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-310961\" style=\"width: 360px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-310961 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/0DFA12CB-05E9-42D2-BC7B-8516F16304E5-360x288.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"360\" height=\"288\" srcset=\"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/0DFA12CB-05E9-42D2-BC7B-8516F16304E5-360x288.jpeg 360w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/0DFA12CB-05E9-42D2-BC7B-8516F16304E5-300x240.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/0DFA12CB-05E9-42D2-BC7B-8516F16304E5.jpeg 640w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 360px) 100vw, 360px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-310961\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Detail of illustration captioned &#8220;A Slave Auction in Virginia,&#8221; from the Illustrated London News, February 16, 1861 (artist unknown). Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, Photographs and Prints Division, New York Public Library Digital Collections.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Late in his life, uncertain in his health, but sure in his pride, rummaging through the immense library of his memories, his soaring successes, and his every-day regrets, Thomas Jefferson had cause to define the words, his words, that Americans so justly celebrated.<\/p>\n<p>The Declaration of Independence, he wrote in an 1825 letter to Henry Lee, was not original in the sense of creating \u201cnew principles, or new arguments, never before thought of,\u201d but was instead \u201cintended to be an expression of the [A]merican mind.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Such was his grasp of that moment in 1776, such was the reach of his ambitions half a century later, that he could claim his words conveyed just that, in \u201cterms so plain and firm, as to command their assent.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Maybe he was right. Maybe the place the Declaration has for itself in American historical iconography is unassailable\u2014it, too, commands assent. Lincoln thought so, both in his public words (\u201c[f]our score and seven years ago\u201d) and his private correspondence, as here, in an April 1859 letter to Henry L. Pierce and others:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>All honor to Jefferson\u2014to the man who, in the concrete pressure of a struggle for national independence by a single people, had the coolness, forecast, and capacity to introduce into a merely revolutionary document, an abstract truth, applicable to all men and all times, and so embalm it there, that to-day, and in all coming days, it shall be a rebuke and a stumbling-block to the very harbingers of re-appearing tyranny and oppression.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Of course, politicians, and people, seek validation for themselves and their ideas in the unifying principles and heroes of the past. To say, \u201cI\u2019m with Tom\u201d is to connect oneself to greatness. America, at its best, is a vision that is lit from within by great ideas. Do those ideas still retain their power when the vessel that holds them is a contradiction of the principles themselves?<!--more--><\/p>\n<p>Last month, I wrote about the renewal of the Jefferson-John Adams friendship. I had intended on doing a second essay about their philosophical differences on government, on the value of freedom over order, on collective action versus individual efforts, on the virtues of an agrarian lifestyle, and on the relative merit of a strong central government rather than one where authority is more diffuse. Those are still great topics, especially at a time when we have an open and fierce debate about basic American individual liberties and the power of the state to interfere with them.<\/p>\n<p>Because of the nature of the Jefferson-Adams correspondence between 1813 and 1826, and because of Adams\u2019 rare but purposeful discretion on the topic of slavery (he didn\u2019t press Jefferson on it), I had planned to leave discussions about the moral and political position of Jefferson on slavery to a later essay, but then Bill Murray raised this on the 3 Quarks Daily website: \u201cEager to find out next month if Jefferson explains the teensy little matter of his 600-plus slaves.\u201d Next month is here, and Bill was right. What about that? Was Jefferson really worthy of our esteem?<\/p>\n<p>Yes, Jefferson was born into a slave-holding family, inherited slaves, kept hundreds of slaves. He bought and sold them, he took slaves with him when he went to Europe, he fathered several children by a slave, and, perhaps the most revealing, out of about 150, he freed only five (from the Hemings family) in his Will. The remainder were sold to create liquidity for his Estate and pay off debts.<\/p>\n<p>It is said that he tried to manage his slaves with some humanity, preferring to keep families together, balancing his better instincts for a humane overseer against a perceived economic need for more \u201chands on\u201d discipline. There is no question he built his little Monticello community with an idea of grace, of intellectual, architectural, and spiritual harmony. Visitors there (and there were literally thousands from the time Jefferson left Washington in 1809 to his death in 1826) did not report squalor in the slave quarters or overt brutality.<\/p>\n<p>That\u2019s what history has for us. It\u2019s probably sanitized: Jefferson the benign creator, gentle, empathic, modeling \u201cbest practices\u201d for the Virginia Plantation owner class. Jefferson the anguished, aware of the wrongness of slavery, forever seeking a better way. Jefferson, the bound giant, forced by economic reality to embrace the Peculiar Institution. Even Jefferson the compassionate, seeing the terrible risk in mass emancipation and, accordingly, deciding not to emancipate.<\/p>\n<p>We don\u2019t need to be cynical about this. Place Jefferson in the context of his time, the social values of that time, the realities of slave life, of sexual exploitation, of intrinsic brutality and degradation, and some may find that he emerges as the man of comparative moral excellence that he saw himself as being.<\/p>\n<p>But we are also talking about Jefferson, the man who inspired the Revolutionary Generation, who Lincoln looked back to as the mooring post for all recognition of individual liberties. When we think about the Fourth of July, he is central to our emergence as a new nation. He put before the world an \u201cexpression of the American mind,\u201d a \u201cself-evident\u201d truth \u201cthat all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Could there be better words? Is that man, that Jefferson, in the fullness of himself, the man we want to keep on a pedestal? Is the known universe of information about his personal conduct disqualifying?<\/p>\n<p>I don\u2019t think we are going to get that much more. Genetic testing might reveal a new family member. Perhaps some forgotten portfolio on a dusty library shelf might turn up another treasure trove of letters. These are possible, but the idea that something new would change the bigger picture seems increasingly unlikely. The story has been told. Instead, I think we are better off looking at what he did, and what he said, privately and publicly, beyond the apparently inoculating effect of his thunderous denunciation of both slavery and the slave trade in an early draft of the Declaration of Independence.<\/p>\n<p>Let\u2019s look at Jefferson at different stages of his political and personal life and hope to gain greater insights into the man.<\/p>\n<p>It&#8217;s worth starting with the good: He made genuine attempts to insert bans on slave trade and gradual emancipation in his drafts for the Virginia Constitution in 1776. So, too, after the United States had received huge tracts of land west of the Appalachian Mountains in the Treaty of Paris (1783), he tried to include a ban on slavery that would be effective there after 1800. The younger Jefferson was still animated by a desire to limit slavery and acted on it.<\/p>\n<p>The 1780s also brought one of his most interesting intellectual efforts, \u201cNotes on the State of Virginia,\u201d initially published anonymously in 1781, then rolled out over the next few years for a wider audience. \u201cNotes\u201d is his only published-for-attribution book; he\u2019s writing for a very specific audience; and, in describing Virginia, he is also revealing a considerable amount about himself. There is more than a little irony here.<\/p>\n<p>Let\u2019s dig in. Here is Jefferson on the degrading aspects of slavery:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>There must doubtless be an unhappy influence on the manners of our people produced by the existence of slavery among us. The whole commerce between master and slave is a perpetual exercise of the most boisterous passions, the most unremitting despotism on the one part, and degrading submissions on the other.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Then, on the threats to society that the continued existence of slavery promoted:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>And can the liberties of a nation be thought secure when we have removed their only firm basis, a conviction in the minds of the people that these liberties are of the gift of God? That they are not to be violated but with his wrath.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>One can\u2019t help noticing Jefferson\u2019s acknowledgement of the depth of the nation\u2019s civic sin. His invocation of the \u201cwrath of God\u201d is later used by Lincoln in his Second Inaugural:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Yet, if God wills that it continue until all the wealth piled by the bondsman&#8217;s two hundred and fifty years of unrequited toil shall be sunk and until every drop of blood drawn with the lash shall be paid by another drawn with the sword\u2026<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>How do we end this cycle of despotism and degradation? In \u201cNotes,\u201d Jefferson references an Act with a big idea:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>To emancipate all slaves born after passing the act. The bill reported by the revisors does not itself contain this proposition; but an amendment containing it was prepared, to be offered to the legislature whenever the bill should be taken up, and further directing, that they should continue with their parents to a certain age, then be brought up, at the public expence, to tillage, arts or sciences, according to their geniusses, till the females should be eighteen, and the males twenty-one years of age, when they should be colonized to such place as the circumstances of the time should render most proper, sending them out with arms, implements of houshold and of the handicraft arts, feeds, pairs of the useful domestic animals, &amp;c. to declare them a free and independant people, and extend to them our alliance and protection, till they shall have acquired strength; and to send vessels at the same time to other parts of the world for an equal number of white inhabitants; to induce whom to migrate hither, proper encouragements were to be proposed.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>With that good intention (if not entirely practical prospects), Jefferson raises a question that again contains its own irony:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>It will probably be asked, Why not retain and incorporate the blacks into the state, and thus save the expense of supplying, by importation of white settlers, the vacancies they will leave? Deep rooted prejudices entertained by the whites; ten thousand recollections, by the blacks, of the injuries they have sustained; new provocations; the real distinctions which nature has made; and many other circumstances, will divide us into parties, and produce convulsions which will probably never end but in the extermination of the one or the other race.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Uncomfortable yet? This is the 1780s Jefferson, a widower, a man in his 40\u2019s, of considerable experience and reputation, who wrote this from abroad when he was serving as Minister to France. Adjusting for language (there\u2019s some repulsive passages that reflect age-old prejudices), what you are getting is what his mature mind thinks: Slavery is morally wrong. It debases both the slave and the enslaver. It should be legislated out of existence\u2014gradually, of course. There is an obligation to educate slaves and prepare them for freedom. And they need to leave, because relations between ex-slaves and whites will never be good enough to support coexistence, or even avert a war of extermination.<\/p>\n<p>What? Leave? Race-wars? What happened to the gallant advocate of universal rights who fought until the end to have his language on slavery included in the final draft of the Declaration? He\u2019s still there, but realities are changing. His proposals will be too radical for some, too timid for others, and they are crafted for public consumption, but they are not so far out of the mainstream that they wouldn\u2019t be considered.<\/p>\n<p>There are at least two ways to look at this. The first is as Jefferson might have seen it\u2014a bold, creative, risk-taking humanitarian effort. The second is less flattering\u2014it\u2019s deliberately impractical and becomes more impractical with each passing year, as the slave population continues to grow. Because it\u2019s impractical, because it can\u2019t be implemented, it serves merely to delay, and perhaps to delay permanently.<\/p>\n<p>Let\u2019s withhold judgment on whether we think the 1780s\u2019 version of Jefferson was mostly engaged in insincere virtue-signaling. What about the time Jefferson was President? For all his protestations about preferring limited government, he clearly wanted the job and played hardball politics to get it. He was 58 when he took office, older than Washington had been. Did he use his office to try to ameliorate the sufferings of the slaves? Outside of encouraging and signing the bill to end the slave trade (something anticipated by the Constitution itself), very little. That leads us to an interesting question\u2014did he have any responsibility to do so? Do you think less of him because, when he had power, he chose not to use it?<\/p>\n<p>There\u2019s some sadness to Jefferson\u2019s life after the White House. In some respects, he became a celebrated irrelevant. He was consumed with the financial challenges of keeping up his plantation. While he maintained good health, he became less pliant in his thinking, clung to old political instincts. States\u2019 rights (more accurately, the rights of Virginia) became more important to him. He replayed in his head (and in conversation and letters) the contests of the past. He opposed what he saw as the old Federalist playbook\u2014concentration of authority, intrusions on his ideal of a diffuse, agrarian society. He despised Justice Marshall and rejected judicial review. The federal government, he felt, was one of limited authority Constitutionally and should respect those limits.<\/p>\n<p>For these issues, he kept up an active correspondence, but, in one key area, he had changed\u2014he was no longer the advocate for the slave he once had been. The public in general did not know this and he was often approached to take or lead a public stand. He demurred, always, claiming he\u2019d made a promise to himself to withdraw on the subject and defer to the efforts of the younger generation.<\/p>\n<p>The Missouri Crisis of 1819-20 showed this in a stark light. The situation was admittedly a difficult one. The masterstroke of Jefferson\u2019s first term, the Louisiana Purchase, brought 832,000 acres of largely undeveloped land to the country, and a great many people planning on how to use that land. A seminal question, both socio-economically and politically, was the obvious one\u2014would the new territories be slave or free. Southerners noted with alarm that, as early as 1804, the states north of the Mason-Dixon Line had abolished slavery. They assumed (with what they thought was good reason) that those states would push for a prohibition on slavery generally through the new territories. Serious debates tied up the Congress for months, and both sides realized that they were dealing with possibly existential questions not merely of slavery, but also of political power. In the end, aided by a virtuoso performance by Henry Clay, emerged the Missouri Compromise, which admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free one and also included a provision that outlawed slavery above the 36\u00ba 30&#8242; latitude line in the remainder of the Louisiana Territory.<\/p>\n<p>Jefferson was outraged. The historian Richard Ellis makes the point that the Revolutionary generation had made a tacit bargain\u2014the two sides, North and South, would stop talking about slavery, and the North would maintain that silence, leaving the South to handle it. Raising the issue, even when by the next generation, breached that agreement. Ellis says, \u201cWhat most rankled Jefferson about the debate over the Missouri Question was that it was occurring at all.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>But Jefferson was also being a little disingenuous. The Revolutionary generation\u2019s tacit bargain did not, and could not, leave the South the sole voice as to where slavery might go. Nor did it determine, forever, which political party would have a semi-permanent hold on power.<\/p>\n<p>Nevertheless, he waded in, showing a little less discretion than at other times. There\u2019s a fascinating exchange of letters between Jefferson and John Holmes, a young Congressman from Massachusetts who was the author of a pamphlet supporting the Compromise. Jefferson answers kindly but bluntly, and his arguments are worth examining.<\/p>\n<p>First, don\u2019t talk about slavery, and certainly don\u2019t talk about where it can go:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>This momentous question, like a fire bell in the night, awakened and filled me with terror. I considered it at once as the knell of the Union. It is hushed, indeed, for the moment. But this is a reprieve only, not a final sentence.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>A reminder of Jefferson\u2019s bona-fides:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>[T]here is not a man on earth who would sacrifice more than I would to relieve us from this heavy reproach, in any practicable way.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Ah, watch that qualifier at the end. \u201cPracticable\u201d Jefferson has gone from proposing a program of emancipation and resettlement to relying on its impracticability as a reason to do nothing.<\/p>\n<p>Jefferson\u2019s real fear, which should be self-evident:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>But as it is, we have the wolf by the ears, and we can neither hold him, nor safely let him go. Justice is in one scale, and self-preservation in the other.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>This might be unpleasant to read, but it\u2019s likely an accurate reflection of Jefferson\u2019s inner thoughts.<\/p>\n<p>On the impact of restrictions on slavery from potential \u201cFree States\u201d:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>[T]he passage of slaves from one state to another, would not make a slave of a single human being who would not be so without it, so their diffusion over a greater surface would make them individually happier, and proportionally facilitate the accomplishment of their emancipation, by dividing the burthen on a greater number of coadjutors.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>This, as applied to the new territories, is the \u201cdispersal\u201d argument, and I find it absurd. Readers should apply their own judgments\u2014do you agree with the concept; do you see it as a Trojan Horse for the unlimited expansion of slavery; do you find Jefferson more deluded than disingenuous?<\/p>\n<p>What Congress should do:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>An abstinence too, from this act of power, would remove the jealousy excited by the undertaking of Congress to regulate the condition of the different descriptions of men composing a state. This certainly is the exclusive right of every state, which nothing in the Constitution has taken from them and given to the general government.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>This is dynamite. It goes to the heart of how we experience being governed. It reflects Jefferson\u2019s core rejection of a centralized power, his powerful attraction to an agrarian life away from the corruption of cities, where the father\/husband\/patriarch rules his family, his \u201cstaff,\u201d and his acreage with sagacity and compassion, free of government interference.<\/p>\n<p>It is, whether Jefferson acknowledges it or not, a rejection of what the Constitution and the body of law built from it do say. It\u2019s also remarkably self-absorbed. Congress (and the Chief Executive) should not in any way be discussing, much less acting upon an issue that has national consequences. It\u2019s not the first time Jefferson has advocated for States\u2019 Rights (his anonymous authorship of the 1798 Kentucky Resolutions in opposition to the Alien and Sedition Acts includes a nullification justification), but, because this is so much about slavery, it seems to be making a procedural argument on what is clearly a moral and political issue.<\/p>\n<p>Jefferson became obsessed\u2014not just over the matter of the expansion of slavery, but over the expression of federal power and even federal involvement in almost every way. In 1825, he suggests sending to the Virginia Assembly a \u201cSolemn Declaration and Protest,\u201d specifically in opposition to internal improvements, but, more generally, on resistance to federal legislation. He didn\u2019t quite call for dissolution, but came very close. His friend (and political guru) James Madison talked him out of it, but didn\u2019t change his mind. He increasingly lent his name to the fringiest States\u2019 Rights arguments and the fringiest States\u2019 Rights arguers (like John Randolph of Roanoke), dignifying their cause with his illustrious name.<\/p>\n<p>So, what about that \u201cteensy little matter of his 600-plus slaves\u201d? What about Jefferson\u2014is he deserving of our esteem?<\/p>\n<p>Per Gary Wills:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>That system ruled the South. It cowed and silenced the North. \u2026 Jefferson felt he had no choice but to defend the evil. There was no large-scale political career open to southerners who refused to defend it. That is the tragedy of Jefferson, and of the nation. We may admit that he was trapped in the system\u2014which is all the more reason for deploring the trap.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>More on Jefferson and Adams next week.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>by Michael Liss My Jefferson is a giant, but a giant trammeled in a net, and obliged (he thought) to keep repairing and strengthening the coils of that net. \u2014Garry Wills, \u201cNegro President\u201d Late in his life, uncertain in his health, but sure in his pride, rummaging through the immense library of his memories, his&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":52,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"pmpro_default_level":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[3260],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-310960","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-mondaymagazine","pmpro-has-access"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/310960","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/52"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=310960"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/310960\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":311018,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/310960\/revisions\/311018"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=310960"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=310960"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3quarksdaily.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=310960"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}]